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Digitized by the Internet Archive 
in 2011 with funding from 
The Library of Congress 



http://www.archive.org/details/groundwaterinharOOgreg 



/ 



DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

Franklin K. Lane, Secretary 



United States Geological Survey 

George Otis Smith, Director J ^37 



Water-Supply Paper 374 



GROUND WATER 

IN THE 




HARTFORD, STAMFORD, SALISBURY, AVILIIMANTIC 
AND SAYBROOK AREAS, COMECTICUT 



> BY 



HERBERT E. GREGORY AND ARTHUR J. ELLIS 

u ' 



Prepared in cooperation with the 
Connecticut State Geological and Natural History Survey 




WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 
1916 



•7 .y^i 



D. of D. 
MAY 31 1916 



-^t^ 



CONTENTS. 



Page. 

Introduction 9 

The problem 9 

History of the investigat^n 10 

Acknowledgments 11 

Areas selected for study 11 

Reliability of data 13 

Occurrence of ground water 14 

Origin 14 

Water in the glacial drift 15 

Cii'culation 15 

The water table 17 

Quantity of water 18 

Water in crystalline rocks and traps 20 

Circulation .- 20 

Quantity of water 21 

Water in limestones and Triassic sediments 22 

Circulation 22 

Quantity of water 24 

Ground water for municipal use 25 

Problems involved 25 

Quantity required 26 

Quality of water 27 

Methods of obtaining water 27 

Principal sources 27 

Streams 28 

Springs 28 

Wells drilled into rock 29 

Dug wells 30 

Infiltration galleries 30 

Driven wells 31 

General conditions 31 

Plant at Brookline, Mass 31 

Plant at Brooklyn, N. Y 34 

Plant at Plainfield, N.J 34 

Private springs and wells 36 

Methods of developing ground-water supplies 38 

Drilled wells 38 

Construction 38 

Cost 39 

Quality of water 39 

Improvements 39 

Driven wells 40 

Infiltration galleries 42 

Dug wells o »..,..,..,, , 43 



4- CONTENTS. 

Page. 

Descriptions of towns 46 

Hai'tford 46 

Population and industries 46 

Topography 47 

Water-bearing formations 47 

Surface-water supplies 49 

Ground-water supplies 49 

Municipal water supply 51 

Quality of ground water 51 

West Hartford 52 

Population and industries ^ 52 

Topography 53 

Water-bearing formations 53 

Surface-water supplies 54 

Ground-water supplies 54 

Suggested developments 56 

Records of wells and springs 57 

Quality of ground water 58 

Newington 59 

Population and industries 59 

Topography 59 

Water-bearing formations 60 

Ground-water supplies 60 

Public water supply 61 

Records of wells and springs 62 

Quality of ground water 63 

Wethersfield - 64 

Population and industries 64 

Topography 64 

Water-bearing formations 65 

Ground-water supplies 65 

Public water supply 66 

Records of wells and springs 66 

Quality of ground water 67 

East Hartford 68 

Population and industries 68 

Topography 68 

Water-bearing formations 69 

Surface-water supplies 70 

Ground-water supplies 70 

Public water supply 71 

Records of wells 71 

Quality of ground water 72 

Manchester 72 

Population and industries 72 

Topography 73 

Water-bearing formations 73 

Surface-water supplies , 74 

Ground-water supplies ^ 74 

Public water supplies 75 

Records of wells and springs 75 

Quality of ground water 77 



CONTENTS. 5 

Descriptions of towns — Continued, Page. 

South Windsor 78 

Population and industries 78 

Topography 78 

Water-bearing formations 79 

Ground-water supplies 80 

Records of wells and springs 81 

Eaat Windsor 82 

Population and industries 82 

Topography 83 

Water-bearing formations 83 

Ground-water supplies 84 

Public water supply 85 

Records of wells 85 

Quality of gi'ound water 86 

Windsor 87 

Population and industries 87 

Topography 87 

Water-bearing formations 88 

Ground -water supplies 88 

Records of wells and springs 89 

Quality of ground water 90 

Bloomfield 90 

Population and industries 90 

Topography 91 

Water-bearing formations 91 

Ground-water supplies ,... 92 

Records of wells and springs. 93 

Quality of ground water 94 

Stamford 95 

Population and industries 95 

Topography 96 

Water-bearing formations 96 

Surface-water supplies 97 

Ground-water supplies 98 

Public water supplies 99 

Records of wells and spring;^ 99 

Quality of ground water 105 

Greenwich 105 

Population and industries 105 

Topography 106 

Water-bearing formations 106 

Surface-water supplies 107 

Ground-water supplies 107 

Public water supplies 108 

Records of wells and springs 108 

Quality of ground water 110 

Salisbury 110 

Population and industries 110 

Topography Ill 

Water-bearing formations 113 

Surface-water supplies 115 

Ground-water supplies 115 

Public water supply 116 



b CONTENTS. 

Descriptions of towns — Continuefl. 

Salisbury — Continued. Page. 

Records of wells and springs 116 

Quality of ground water 118 

North Canaan 118 

Population and industries 118 

Topography 119 

Water-bearing formations 119 

Ground-water supplies 120 

Public water supply 120 

Records of wells and springs 121 

Canaan 122 

Population and industries 122 

Topography 122 

Water-bearing formations 123 

Surface-water supplies 124 

Ground-water supplies 124 

Records of wells and springs 124 

Windham 125 

Population and industries 125 

Topography 126 

Water-bearing formations 126 

Ground-water supplies 127 

Public water supply 128 

Records of wells and springs 128 

Qualit)' of ground water 129 

Franklin 129 

Population and industries 129 

Topography 130 

Water-bearing formations 130 

Ground-water supplies 131 

Records of wells and springs 131 

Quality of ground water 132 

Saybrook 133 

Population and industries 133 

Topography ]33 

Water-bearing formations 133 

Ground-water supplies 134 

Public water supply 134 

Records of wells and springs 134 

Essex 136 

Population and industries 136 

Topogi-aphy 136 

Water-bearing formations 137 

Ground-water supplies 137 

Public water supply 138 

Records of wells 138 

Westbrook 139 

Population and industries 139 

Topography 139 

Water-bearing formations 139 

Ground-water supplies 140 

Records of wells 140 

Quality of ground water 142 



COI^TENTS. 7 

Descriptions of towns — Continued. Page. 

Old Lyme 142 

Population and industries 142 

Topography 143 

Water-bearing formations 143 

Ground-water supplies 144 

Records of wells 144 

Quality of ground water 146 

Index 147 



ILLUSTRATIONS. 



Page. 
Plate I. A, Section of till, Windham, Conn. ; B, Section of sand dune, South 

Windsor, Conn 16 

n. A, Stratified drift (gi'avel), Stamford, Conn.; B, Stratified drift 

(clay), Hartford, Conn 17 

TTT. Sections through Connecticut River valley near Hartford, showing 

relation of rock surface to land surface 18 

rV. A, Crystalline rock showing fissiu-es, Stamford, Conn. ; B, Trap rock 

showing fissures, Hartford, Conn 20 

V. A, Sandstone showing fissui'es, Hartford, Conn. ; B, Limestone show- 
ing solution channels at the surface along joint cracks, Salisbury, 

Conn 21 

VI. Plan of property and detail of wells of waterworks at Plainfield, N. J., 

1891 34 

VII. Contact of trap rock with underlying- sandstone, Hartford, Conn 48 

VIII. Map showing collecting areas of the Hartford waterworks 52 

IX. Map of Hartford area In pocket. 

X. Map of Stamford area In pocket. 

XI. Map of Salisbury area In pocket. 

XII. Map of Willimantic area In pocket. 

XIII. Map of Saybrook area In pocket. 

Figure 1. Map of Connecticut showing physiogi-aphic provinces, geologic 

formations, and areas covered by this report 12 

2. Diagrammatic section illustrating position and fluctuation of the 

water table under various conditions 18 

3. Diagrams showing fluctuation of the water table in wells 19 

4. Section of the Connecticut Triassic area as a synclinal basin, showing 

conditions favorable for artesian wells 21 

5. Section of the Connecticut Triassic area as a simple faulted mono- 

cline, showing conditions favorable for several small artesian basins 22 

6. Section of till-covered rock slope and stratum of sand interbedded 

with clay, showing conditions favorable for artesian flows 23 

7. Diagram illustrating increase of yield with depth in well at Hart- 

ford Sanatorium 24 

8. Curves illustrating yields of drilled wells 25 

9. Diagram of driven well 40 

10. Diagram of siphon well and domestic waterworks 45 



GROUND WATER IN THE HARTFORD, STAMFORD, 
SALISBURY, WILLIMANTIC, AND SAYBROOK 



AREAS, CONNECTICUT. 



By Herbert E. Gregory and Arthur J. Ellis. 



INTRODUCTION. 

THE PROBLEM. 

The census of 1910 reported the population of Connecticut as 
1,114,756. The area of the State is 5,004 square miles. The average 
density of population is therefore about 220 per square mile, but the 
distribution of population is markedly uneven. More than 53 per 
cent of the inhabitants are gathered into 19 cities, each containing 
over 10,000 souls. The cities are rapidly increasing in population, 
but parts of the State — about 24 per cent of the towns — are more 
sparsely settled to-day than in 1860. Broadly speaking, the people 
of Connecticut are engaged in two occupations— manufacturing and 
mixed agriculture. Manufacturing is increasing at a rapid rate; agri- 
culture at a slower rate, but with a distinct tendency toward special- 
ization. There is in addition a tendency to utilize the scenery of the 
State — a tendency resulting in the development of country estates 
and shore homes. 

With an annual rainfall of 45 inches, Connecticut has in the aggre- 
gate large supphes of both surface and ground water, but the rainfall 
is sometimes deficient through periods of several weeks or months. 
Consequently farmers must endure periods of drought, manufacturers 
must provide against fluctuating water power, and the inhabitants of 
congested districts must arrange for adequate municipal supplies. 
With increase in population and diversification of interests conflicts 
between water-power users and domestic consumers, as weU as be- 
tween towns, for the right to make use of a particular stream or area 
have aheady arisen. Demands are also being made by prospective 
users of the waters for irrigation and drainage. The question of 
quality of water also takes on new meaning with the effort to improve 
the healthfulness of the State and to reclaim the waters now polluted 
by factory waste and sewage. The necessity for obtaining small but 
unfailing supplies of potable water fo:^ the farm and for the village 
home furnishes an additional problem, for the condition of many 
private supplies in Connecticut is deplorable. 



10 GROUND WATER IN THE HARTFORD AND OTHER AREAS^ CONN. 

To meet the present situation and to provide for the future, State- 
wide regulations should be adopted. Obviously the first step in the 
solution of the Connecticut water problem is to make a comprehen- 
sive study of both surface and ground waters to obtain answers to 
the following questions : How much water is stored in the gravels and 
sands and bedrock of the State ? How much does the amount fluc- 
tuate with the seasons? Wliat is the quality of the water? How 
may it best be recovered in large amounts ? In small amounts ? 
What is the expense of procuring it? How much water may the 
streams of the State be relied upon to furnish ? How much is the 
stream water polluted ? How may the jDollution be remedied ? To 
what use should each stream be devoted ? What is the equitable 
distribution of ground and surface waters among the conflicting 
claunants — industries and communities ? 

HISTORY OF THE INVESTIGATION. 

The study of the water resources of Connecticut was begun in 1903 
by the senior author of the present paper, under the auspices of the 
United States Geological Survey. A preliminary report was issued 
in 1904.^ A discussion of the fundamental problems relating to the 
State as a whole, pubhshed in 1909,^ meets in a broad way the require- 
ments of the scientist and the engineer, but it is not designed to 
furnish a solution for local problems and is not sufficiently detailed 
to furnish data for use in a quantitative study of ultimate supply and 
its utilization. It was recognized that conditions in the State are so 
varied that each section of the State has its individual problem, and 
that in order to obtain data of direct practical value the conditions 
surrounding each town, and, where feasible, each farm and each village, 
should be investigated. 

Realizing the importance of such studies to Connecticut, the State 
joined forces with the Federal Government in order to carry on this 
work. In 1911 a cooperative agreement was entered into by the 
United States Geological Survey and the Connecticut Geological and 
Natural History Survey for the purpose of obtaining information 
concerning the quantity and quality of waters available for municipal 
and private uses. The investigation was to be conducted through a 
period of two or more years, the cost to be shared equally by the 
parties to the agreement. Herbert E. Gregory, geologist, of the 
United States Geological Survey, was placed in charge of the inves- 
tigation and Arthur J. EUis, a junior geologist of the Federal Survey, 
was assigned to field work on ground waters. The present report 

1 Gregory, H. E. [notes on the wells, springs, and general water resources of], Connecticut: U. S. Geol. 
Survey Water-Supply Paper 102, pp. 127-168, 1904. 

2 Gregory, H. E., and Ellis, E. E., Underground water resources of Connecticut: U. S. Geol. Survey 
Water-Supply Paper 232, 1909. 



INTRODUCTION. 11 

is the first of a series of papers which are so planned as to cover 
eventually all the towns of the State. As the funds available 
were meager it appeared wise to devote most of the time to a 
study of ground waters, leaving studies of stream flow to be taken 
up later. Certain stream measurements obtained by the United 
States Geological Survey and by corporations and individuals are 
available for use when the surface water problem is seriously attacked. 

The field work on which the present report is based was done by 
the junior author during the seasons of 1911 and 1912. The work 
consisted in gathering information concerning municipal water 
supphes; measuring the dug wells used in rural districts and obtain- 
ing other data in regard to them; obtaining data concerning drilled 
wells, driven wells, and springs; collecting and analyzing samples of 
water from wells, springs, and brooks; studying the character and rela- 
tions of bedrock and of surficial deposits with reference to their influ- 
ence upon the ground-water supply. An effort was made to obtain 
records of aU driUed wells in the areas under consideration, and as 
many dug weUs were examined as was deemed necessary to determme 
the position of the water table throughout the areas. 

The junior author is responsible also for the maps and for the 
larger part of the manuscript. The senior author's contribution 
includes formulation of plans, field and ofiice conferences, and 
outlining and in part preparing the manuscript for pubHcation. 

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. 

The data relating to drilled wells were collected through the hearty 
cooperation of the well drillers in Connecticut. Other information 
that was of value m the preparation of this report was obtained 
from clerks of towns and from engineers of cities and of water com- 
panies, and services were rendered by Messrs. E. M. Hobby, Henry 
C. Cowles, Hadley G. Gray, G. L. Ladd, and Frank Palm in the 
collection of data in regard to changes of the water level in wells. 
The assistance thus received is acknowledged with thanks. 

Free use has been made of the technical literature deahng with 
water supplies and credit is given for specific facts taken from these 
sources, but the report contains also material gathered from the 
reports of previous investigations, some of which can not be rightly 
attributed to any one author. 

AREAS SELECTED FOR STUDY. 

The areas with which this report is concerned represent the typical 
geologic conditions of Connecticut. (See fig. 1.) The Hartford 
area mcludes the towns of Hartford, West Hartford, Newington, 
Wethersfield, East Hartford, Manchester, Windsor, East Windsor, 



12 r.ROUND WATER IN THE HARTFOEO AXD OTHER AREAS, CONN, 



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RELIABILITY OF DATA. 13 

South Windsor, and Bloomfield. It lies in the Connecticut River 
valley and is imderlain by Triassic sediments and lavas. 

The Stamford area mcludes the towns of Stamford and Greenwich. 
It hes in the southwest corner of the State and is underlain by crystal- 
luie rocks. 

The SaUsbury area is in the northwest corner of the State and 
includes the towns of Sahsbury, Canaan, and North Canaan. The 
lowlands in this area are underlam by hmestone. 

The to\\'ns of Windham and Frankhn are designated hi this report 
as the Willimantic area. They are situated in the eastern highlands 
and are underlain by metamorphic rocks of various types, on which 
a highly varied topography has been developed. 

Saybrook, Essex, Westbrook, and Old Lyme, which comprise the 
Saybrook area, are at the mouth of Connecticut River, where the 
land is low and comparatively flat and where the presence of salt 
water is a feature of ground-water problems. 

RELIABILITY OF DATA. 

The principal well data are given in tables appended to the detailed 
reports on the several to'VNTis. The depth and diameter of the dug 
wells and the amount of water in them were determined by measure- 
ment. The information presented as to depth to rock and the con- 
sumption of water is in general based on data supplied by local resi- 
dents. The elevations of the wells and springs were determined by 
means of a hand level, the base used for each determination being the 
assumed height of some point through which a mapped contour line 
would pass. The error may be cfe much as 10 or 15 feet in the most 
hilly sections but is doubtless usually less than 5 feet. The limita- 
tions of the accuracy of the mapping of underground surfaces must 
also be taken into account. The estimated yields of drilled wells 
are based on tests made by the drillers when the wells were 
completed; for some of the dug wells the yield was computed from 
observation of the length of time taken to pump the well dry, the 
known rate of pumping, and the dimensions of the weU; for others 
the yield was estimated from the low^ering of the water in a given 
length of time by pumping at a known rate. For wells from which 
nearly all the water available was being consumed the yield was 
computed from the amount used each day. Information concerning 
the yield of a few improved springs w^as obtained by actual measure- 
ments of the overflow; the yield of others was computed from 
measurements of the velocity and cross section of the streams issuing 
from them; for still others the figures given represent the yield as 
estimated by the owners. 

The quantity of ground water available at any particular time 
depends on the character of the weather previous to that time. For 



14 GEOUND WATER IN THE HARTFORD AND OTHER AREAS, CONN. 

the year 1911 the precipitation in Connecticut was somewhat less 
than the average; from January 1 until August 23 it was about 
6 inches below normal. The fall of 1910 was dry, and many dug 
wells failed during the following winter. The drought was broken 
during the last part of the winter, and when the field work was begun 
in June the supply of water in dug wells was sufficient for domestic 
uses although not abundant. Practically no rain fell from the be- 
ginning of the summer until August 24, and by that time the water 
in dug wells was generally low and many weUs had again failed. 
From August 24 to September 1, inclusive, it rained practically with- 
out ceasing. No wells were measured after it began to rain until 
September 5, so that four days were allowed for the wells to recover 
from flooding. However, the measurements made after September 5 
showed a large average increase in the depth of water. From that 
time until the end of the year there were occasional rains and all 
weUs yielded water. 

During 1912 the rainfall was about normal up to the early part of 
July, so that in May, when field work was begun, wells were generally 
in satisfactory condition, and although the precipitation during the 
last part of the year was somewhat below normal, the number of 
wells that failed was considerably less than in 1911. 

OCCURRENCE OF GROUND WATER. 

ORIGIN. 

The ground water of Connecticut is derived from the precipitation 
within the State and near its borcj^rs. Owing to the ruggedness of 
the surface of the bedrock and the thinness of the overlying drift, 
which together prevent extensive underground circulation, the ground 
water at any particular place comes from near-by sources. . 

The precipitation is evenly distributed over the State and is 
nearly uniform throughout the year, as shown in the following tables: 

Average precipitation at 10 stations in Connecticut, 1893-190S."' 



Month. 



January... 
February . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 
October... 



Inches. 



4.28 
3.94 
4.23 
3.53 
4.03 
2.95 
4.42 
4.30 
3.34 
4.40 



Month. 



Inches. 



November 

December 

Average for season; 

Winter 

Spring 

Summer 

Fall 



4.48 
3.44 



46.98 



11.66 
11.79 
11.67 
11.82 



a Gregory, H. E., and Ellis, E. E., Underground water resources of Connecticut: U. S. Geol. Survey 
Water-supply Paper 232, p. 24, 1909. 



OCCURRENCE OF GROUND WATER. 

Geographic distribution of precipitation. (^ 



15 



Locality. 



New Haven. 
Middletown. 
Hartford ... 



Storrs 

North Grosvenordale. 
Cream Hill 



Average 




annual 


Years in- 


precipi- 


cluded. 


tation. 




Inches. 




45.89 


b 1804-1908 


49.25 


c 1859-1901 


44.30 


d 1847-1908 


47.16 


1897-1906 


45.00 


e 1891-1908 


48.06 


1897-1908 



a Summaries of climatological data by sections: U. S. Weather Bureau Bull. W, vol. 2, sec. 105, p. 10, 1912. 
h Except 1805, 1822 to 1826, 1828 to 1864, 1868 to 1872. Continuous record for 36 years, 1873 to 1908, inclu- 
sive, gives mean annual rainfall of 46.97 inches, 
c Except 1860, 1863, 1883, 1884, 1892, 1898, 1899. 
d Except 1853 to 1866, inclusive. 
e Except 1898 and 1899. 

ITie following table shows the monthly precipitation in Connecticut 
during 1911 and 1912 compared with the average monthly precipi- 
tation in the State: 

Average monthly precipitation {in inches) in Connecticut, 1893-1903, 1911, and 1912. 



Month. 



January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

January 

January and February 

January to March, inclusive 

January to April, inclusive 

January to May, inclusive 

January to June, inclusive 

January to July, inclusive 

January to August, inclusive. . . 
January to September, inclusive 
Jamoary to October, inclusive. . . 
January to November, inclusive 
January to December, inclusive . 



Average of 


Average of 


Average of 


10 stations, 


20 stations. 


20 stations, 


1893-1903. 


1911. 


1912. 


4.28 


3.09 


2.41 


3.94 


2.70 


2.67 


4.23 


3.76 


7.48 


3.53 


4.73 


4.30 


4.03 


1.36 


4.95 


2.95 


2.36 


0.75 


4.42 


3.01 


2.94 


4.30 


5.87 


3.86 


3.34 


2.94 


2.69 


4.40 


6.34 


2.33 


4.48 


5.09 


3.85 


3.44 


3.28 


5.19 


47.34 


44. 53 


43. 42 


4.28 


3.09 


2.41 


8.22 


5.79 


5.08 


12. 45 


9.55 


12.56 


15.98 


14.28 


16.86 


20.01 


15.64 


21.81 


22.96 


18.00 


22. .56 


27. 38 


21.01 


25. 50 


31.68 


26.88 


29. 36 


35. 02 


29.82 


32. 05 


39.42 


36.16 


34.38 


43.90 


41.25 


38.23 


47.34 


44.53 


43.42 



WATER IN THE GLACIAL DRIFT. 
CIRCULATION. 

The chief water-bearing formations of Connecticut are the uncon- 
sohdated materials that cover the bedrock. These materials were 
derived from the great ice sheets which in the Pleistocene epoch 
extended over the State. They are of two general t}'pes: The 
unstratified drift, also called ''till" (PI. I, A), consists of het-ero- 
geneoiis mixtureB of all the rock debris deposited directly by the ice; 



IG t.liOUND WATER IN THE HARTFORD AND OTHER AREAS, CONN, 

the stratified drift consists of glacial materials that were rehandled 
b>^ water and is therefore assorted into layers of different degrees of 
coarseness (PL II, A). 

The unconsolidated surface materials absorb rain water at a rate 
and to an extent depending chiefly on their porosity. The most 
porous beds are composed of gravel and sand, the least porous of 
compact clays. The unstratified drift, wliich covers most of the 
State, is a mixture of bowlders, gravel, sand, and clay and has a 
porosity depending upon the relative amounts of these materials. 
Much of the unstratified drift of Connecticut is of the ''stony" or 
''bowldery" type, containing little or no clay and possessing a 
degree of porosity equal to that attained by coarse varieties of 
stratified drift. The less porous types of unstratified drift may be 
represented by the following average of the analyses of 16 samples 
collected from 12 drumlins in the Boston Basin. ^ These analyses 
were made after removing aU stones 2 inches or more in diameter, 
or about 10 per cent of the original material. 

Composition of unstratified drift in Boston Basin. 

Per cent. 

Gravel 24. 90 

Sand 19. 51 

Rock flour 43. 66 

Clay (three-fourths rock flour) 11. 67 

99.94 

Other factors infiuencing the amount of water absorbed are the 
growth of vegetation, the topography, the occurrence and duration 
of frost in the ground, and the atmospheric conditions that determine 
evaporation and rates of precipitation. 

The water absorbed by the soil descends and saturates the lower 
part of the glacial drift, which serves as a reservoir for the storage 
of this water. The efficiency of the drift in this respect depends 
largely on the rate of underground drainage, the three principal fac- 
tors of which are porosity, the arrangement of layers having different 
porosities, and the topography of the bedrock on which the water- 
bearing bed rests. The most porous beds, as, for example, the dune 
sands of the Connecticut River vaUey (PI. I, B), absorb water most 
rapidly, but they also allow the water to circulate most freely and 
are therefore most rapidly drained. Impervious materials, such as 
clays (PI. II, B), occurring among porous deposits bear a relation to 
underground drainage similar to that between dams or other obstruc- 
tions and surface drainage — they divert or impound the percolating 
waters and in many places produce springs and swamps. Except 
whfere the drift is thick, the topography of the bedrock below the 

1 Crosby, W. 0., Composition of till or bowlder clay: Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. Proc, vol. 25, p. 124, 1890. 



U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 



WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 374 PLATE I 




A. SECTION OF TILL, WINDHAM, CONN. 




.,jsB»JBt 



--. — --4s: 



B. SECTION OF SAND DUNE, SOUTH WINDSOR, CONN. 



U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 



WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 374 PLATE II 




A. STRATIFIED DRIFT (GRAVELl, STAMFORD, CONN. 




B. STRATIFIED DRIFT (CLAY), HARTFORD, CONN. 



OCCUKKENCE OF GEOUND WATEE. 17 

water-bearing beds is related to underground drainage as the topog- 
raphy of the land is related to surface drainage. Over most of Con- 
necticut the drift is thin and the topography of the bedrock surface 
closely conforms to the present topography of the land surface, except 
that it is more rugged and has greater rehef. The bedrock crops 
out on many of the hilltops and steep slopes but Hes far below the 
surface in the valleys (PL III). Because of the similarity between the 
forms of the rock surface and the surface of the ground, the direction 
of underground drainage corresponds very closely to the direction of 
surface drainage. The ground water, hke the surface water, flows 
most rapidly on steep slopes, but because of the resistance offered 
by the soil particles it moves much more slowly than the surface 
water and is generally replenished by rainfall before the supply con- 
tributed by previous rain has been drained away. Most of the 
groimd water finds its way to the surface through springs and seep- 
age areas, by capillary rise and evaporation, and by transpiration of 
trees and other plants ; the amount drawn from wells is comparatively 
small. 

THE WATER TABLE. 

The water table is the plane below which the ground is saturated 
with water. Its surface conforms somewhat to that of the land 
but is less rugged. It is generally nearest the land surface in the 
vaUeys; on the hilltops it may lie at depths of 30 to 40 feet. The 
surfaces of streams, ponds, and lakes are generally continuous with 
the water table and may be regarded as forming parts of it. In 
bogs, marshes, and other places where the ground is saturated to 
the surface, the water table and the surface of the ground coincide. 
Where the water table is not exposed, its position is indicated by 
the surface of the water in weUs. The position of the water table 
depends also on the character of the drift. Except in very low places 
it is, in general, nearer the surface in areas where the drift consists 
of clay or compact tiU and farther below the surface in areas where 
the drift is gravel and sand, because clay and till are less porous 
than gravel and sand and do not drain so rapidly. 

The accompanying maps. Plates IX to XIII (in pocket), represent 
the average position of the water table. Where dense rocks appear 
at or very near the surface there is no water table; the rock masses 
rise above the ground water like islands in a lake, and the position 
of the water table immediately surrounding them is indeterminate. 
Figure 2 illustrates the relative position of the water table in various 
kinds of drift and under different topographic conditions. 

The water table is constantly changing its position with respect 
to the surface of the ground, rising rapidly after a heavy rain, then 
97889°— wsp 374—16 2 



18 GROUND WATER IN THE HARTFORD AND OTHER AREAS, CONN. 



|(/3 



0-: 



/'-I'C'" 



•ly^-.- ■-. 



5 ro 



•I-': 



^■•■svo/r -/.^: 






> -^ o 
"o "ij "o 

11 II ^ I 

Q.li-CL 



gradually descending as the water 
is drained away. These changes 
may be observed by making suc- 
cessive measm-ements of the depth 
to water in wells. The zone 
tlirough which the water table 
fluctuates is called in this report 
the zone of fluctuation. 

In elevated positions, where the 
drift is thin, the water table may 
descend during a period of drought 
imtil it touches the rock surface 
and the water is all drained away; 
but in the vicinity of perennial 
streams or permanent bodies of 
water the change may not exceed a 
few inches during the year. The 
zone of fluctuation is therefore nar- 
rowest in the valleys and widest on 
the hills, where it may include the 
entire distance from the highest 
water level to the bedrock surface. 
Figure 3 shows the fluctuation of 
the water table as determined from 
measurements of wells in four towns 
in Connecticut. Other data con- 
cerning these wells appear in the 
tables on pages 71, 108, 132, 141. 

QUANTITY OF WATER. 

A rough conception of the annual 
supply of gromid water may be ob- 
taiaed by analyzing the relations 
between rainfaU and stream flow. 
Measurements of the rainfaU give 
the total amount of water which 
falls on a drainage basin, but only 
a part of tliis is contributed to the 
undergromid supply, the rest being 
in part returned to the atmosphere 
and in part cUscharged by surface 
streams. The total run-off from a 
drainage basin, as determined by 
stream measurements, includes both 
the surface drainage — that is, the 









WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 374 


PLATE llf 








EJevation 1 




in feet" 








r 600 








- 500 




^ 


QJ 

c 






1 


c 


- 400 




>> 


3 






^ 

Nj 


O 

2\ o 


- 300 




^ 


-^ 




<0 


.•.;.77^:; f 200 




< 








s. 








s. 








•>J 








^ 

^ 




- 100 









- 


c 






--!00 


c 

3 






or^rN N" 


o 
o 

•^. Elevation 


A, 




--^00 ^ 


c 
2 


^ In feet 


1 




= r700 


I 


D c 






^ ^ 






fc ^ 


-600 




-M 1 






0) 1 






'(U • . . 






c 




-500 




n: 








:2 


' y ^"^■^--^^•>; {-5^- 








-^ /.^-'.;*:v' 


-4-00 




^_^^ 


^'j'-'v.--' 






^^<^^ ' ■ ' 


N^/s-/r/-'- 






^^y^^^^'^-h 


. . * / / / ~" \ . ' 


-300 




^':y :'■■■■':'■'■■■■:: 




- 200 




*• •- •'• ,' ^ -'' 


r-v^-'^r'i' 








'v;-^:;7.^' 


- 100 






- , J. ' s /^N ' 











- 


7^ 


"^'Z: 














--100 


HRO 




C-\J^J 


+ 






+ + 






+ 






56 (t 


^ V 











SECTION A, THROUGH BLOOMFIELD, WINDSOR, AND EAST WINDSOR 






QUATERNARY 



SECTION B, THROUGH WEST HARTFORD, HARTFORD, AND EAST HARTFORD 
LEGEND 



Reccut deposits ori3 glacial dritt 



IDiabupe (tiaproclii 



SECTIONS THROUGH 



RIVER VALLEY NEAR HARTFORD, SHOWING RELATION OF ROCK SURFACE TO LAND SURFACE. 



OCCUKEENCE OF GEOUND WATEE. 



19 



Feet 
15 r 



Henry C. Cowles, East Hartford, Conn. 



10- 

I I I I I I I I 

T l I I I 1 1 i T i I 1 I I P i I 1 1 I I I I I I I i f I I 1 1 I ff I I I I ff I I 11 I I M ^ 



Surface of ground 

Water level 
Bottom of well 



'I M I | l iTl I i | I I ri I i| M I I I I I iTl I i[ I n I I ]-r 



1 1 I I I I I 1 1 I I I ni I I iT I 11 1 I I I 



June 1 to Dec. 31 Jan. 1 to July 1 

1913 Hadley G. Gray, North Franklin, Conn. 1914 




u 



-] Surface of ground 



" I n I I I II I " 



Water level 
Bottom of well 



I I V T I I i | I I n I i | I I I I 1 1 n I I I i| 1 I I I I I I I I I I i | I I I I I 



20 



June 1 to Dec. 31 Jan. 1 to July 1 

1913 G. L. Ladd, North Franklin, Conn. 1914 



15- 

10- 

5- 







I r i I I I I I 



Surface of 
ground 



Water level 



I I I I I I I I I 11 I I ' I T I 



Ivvaier levei 
Bottom of I I 

well I I 

I I I I I I I n I I I T I 11 I I I I 1 1 I I T 



I I I I I I II I I I T I i | I I I I I [ I I T I I i| 



I I ri 11 M i| I 



20 



June 1 to Dec. 31 

1913 A. J. Post, Westbrook, Conn. 



Jan. 1 to July 1 
1914 



15- 
10- 
5- 







LI 



n Surface of 
ground 



Water level 



Bottom of well 



< 



1913 



1914 




E. M. Hobby, Greenwich, Conn. 



Q Q 



Surface of ground 



T-T^ 



u 



Water level 



Bottom of well 



CJ t> 



1912 
FiGUEK 3.— Diagrams showing fluctuation of the water table in wells. 



20 GEOUND WATER IN THE HARTFORD AND OTHER AREAS^ CONN. 

water wliich has never formed part of the underground supply — and 
the underground drainage — the water that has passed into the sui'face 
streams from the water bed. The water which is returned to the 
atmosphere by evaporation and transpiration is ui part surface 
water and in part ground water. A rough index of its quantity 
is obtained by subtracting the total annual run-off from the total 
annual precipitation. The annual rainfall in Housatonic River basin 
above Gaylordsville, Conn, (area, 1,020 square miles), is 47.86 inches 
and the annual run-off is 29.43 inches. The loss — 18.43 inches — is 
attributed to evaporation, plant growth, and other causes. vSimilarly, 
in the basin of Connecticut River above Orford (area, 3,300 square 
miles) the aimiual precipitation is 36.76 inches and the annual run-off 
is 21.66 mches, the loss being 15.10 inches. These and other data 
compiled by J. C. Hoyt ^ indicate that in the northeastern United 
States between 30 and 40 per cent of the rainfall is returned to the 
atmosphere. It is not possible to determine from the data at hand 
what part of this water is derived from the undergroimd supply. AH 
perennial streams he below the water table and are maintained dur- 
ing dry seasons by infiltration from the saturated part of the drift. 
During a rainy season and for some time thereafter the streams carry 
more or less water that has not been dra\vn from the ground water. 
Dming the succeeding dry season this surface water is discharged, 
and the streams finally reach a stage at which the run-off is derived 
almost entirely from the ground water. At low stages the discharge 
of ground water is not much less than the amount carried by the 
streams and it increases immediately after rains, owing to the con- 
tribution from intermittent springs and seepage areas and to a 
general acceleration of underground circulation by hydrostatic pres- 
sure. In addition to the groimd water discharged by streams large 
quantities of water are stored in drift-fiUed rock basins below the 
valley floors, as, for example, in the valley of Connecticut River 
near Hartford, where saturated deposits consisting largely of sand 
extend nearly 100 feet below the river bed. The quantity of water 
in such basins depends on the size of the basins and the porosity of 
the valley fill; but if the water is withdrawn the basins must be 
replenished by water usually carried in the streams; therefore, strictly 
speaking, these supphes are not available in addition to the amounts 
carried by the streams. 

WATER IN CRYSTALLINE ROCKS AND TRAPS. 
CIRCULATION. 

More than two-thirds of the area of Connecticut is underlain by 
crystaUine rocks whose ages have not been precisely determined, 
and in the remaining third of the State various Triassic lava sheets, 

1 Hoyt, J. C, Comparison between rainfall and run-off in northeastern United States: Am. Soc. Civil 
Eng. Trans., vol. 59, p. 470, 1907. 



U. 8. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 



WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 374 PLATE IV 




A. CRYSTALLINE ROCK SHOWING FISSURES, STAMFORD, CONN. 




B. TRAP ROCK SHOWING FISSURES, HARTFORD, CONN. 



U. 8. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 



WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 374 PLATE V 






















^. SANDSTONE SHOWING FISSURES, HARTFORD, CONN. 



'4k<^ 




>'^-^-i^V- 



■^A^ ' \-. 



5. LIMESTONE SHOWING SOLUTION CHANNELS AT THE SURFACE ALONG JOINT CRACKS, 

SALISBURY, CONN. 



OCCURRENCE OF GROUND WATER. 



21 



popularly called 'Hrap rocks," are interbedded with sedimentary 
formations. As a result of the work of dynamic agencies the crys- 
talline and sedimentary rocks are intensely fractured, cracks being 
visible wherever the rocks are exposed 
(Pis. IV, A and B, and V, A). AU the 
crystalHne roclis and traps have a very low 
porosity — less than 1 per cent — and for 
this reason the circulation of water in 
them is confined practically to the cracks. 
Water enters the openings from the over- 
lying drift and passes in the direction of 
least resistance, down some sloping planes 
and up others, through vertical cracks, 
and horizontally tlirough level ones, until 
it becomes imprisoned in cracks with no 
outlets or until it reappears at the surface 
as springs or seepage. 

In general, the thickness of the zone of 
active circulation is nearly equal to the 
rehef of the land surface; that is, open- 
ings below the level of the valleys are 
generally filled with water that is not in 
motion until wells reach these depths and 
start circulation by drawing water to the 
surface. In places, however, these deeper- 
lying waters are forced by hydrostatic 
pressure along fault planes or major joints 
and reach the surface as artesian springs 
05 as artesian wells (figs. 4, 5, and 6). 



QUANTITY OF WATER. g> 

o 

The quantity of water in crystalline | 
rocks and traps depends chiefly on the s- 
number and size of the cracks. Most of g. 
the opemngs are too narrow, even at the i- 
surface, to allow much water to pass, but | 
they are generally connected, either di- -^ 
rectly or indirectly, with larger fissures 
into which they drain, and it is the rami- 
fying systems of minor cracks which to 
large degree regulate the suppHes derived 

from rock borings. The openings in these rocks do not extend to 
great depths, and their size rapidly diminishes from the surface down- 
ward. Nearly all the cracks pinch out entirely within a few hundred 



22 GROUND WATER IN THE HARTFORD AND OTHER AREAS, CONN. 



feet of the surface, and water-bearing fissures at greater depths are 
rare. As compared with tlie more porous drift, the crystalHne rocks 
and traps contain httle water, the average yield of wells in the crys- 
talline rocks of Connecticut being 
J about 15 gallons a minute. Figure 
^ 8 (p. 25) shows the percentage of the 
^ wells examined which yield various 
" specified quantities. 

a> 
> 

^ WATER IN LIMESTONES AND 

•2 TRIASSIC SEDIMENTS. 







a 
o 



CIRCULATION. 

The most abundant sedimentary 
rocks of Connecticut are Triassic 
sandstones and shales, which occur 
in the vallej^s of Connecticut and 
Pomperaug rivere, and Cambrian 
and Ordovician limestone (Stock- 
bridge), which occurs in discontinu- 
ous patches along the west border 
of the State from the northwest 
corner of Greenwich to the Massa- 
chusetts boundary. All these sedi- 
mentary rocks have been meta- 
morphosed to greater or less degree, 
and their present textiu'e and struc- 
ture are such that the circulation of 
water in them is essentially like thaji 
in crystalline rocks. 

The average porosity of this sand- 
stone is 20 per cent or more, and its 
absorptive capacity is about 2 quarts 
of water per cubic foot, which equals 
7 per cent,^ but most of the water 
in its pores is not directly available 
because of the high resistance of 
the sandstone to circulation. The 
sandstone is of economic impor- 
tance as a source of ground water 
only where fissures are present in which the water may be stored. 

1 Gregory, H. E., and Ellis, E. E., Underground water resources of Connecticut: U. S. Geol. Survey 
Water-Supply Paper 232, p. 105, 1909. 



u 






OCCURRENCE OF GROUND WATER. 



23 



Fissures are, however, very 
numerous in the sandstones, 
and consequently these rocks 
are an important source of 
ground water suppHes (PL 
V, A). The fissures are 
joints and fault cracks pro- 
duced by crustal movements 
and in some places widened 
by weathering and erosion. 
The widest fissures are sev- 
eral inches across; the nar- 
rowest are mere incipient 
cracks. They extend from 
the surface to depths of 300 
or 400 feet, and they gen- 
erally grow narrower from 
the surface downward. The 
water in the sandstone, being 
derived chiefly from the drift 
at the surface, circulates 
through the fissures and re- 
appears at the surface at 
lower elevations as springs 
issuing from the rock. 

Shale does not occur in 
Connecticut as uninterrupted 
beds of wide extent, but in 
many localities it forms 
lenses in the sandstone. In 
general the shale is less 
porous than the sandstone, 
and in many places it is en- 
tirely impervious. It is im- 
portant in intercepting and 
directing the circulation of 
water in the sandstone, and 
weUs sunk through sand- 
stone usually find water im- 
mediately above shale beds. 
Some of the sandv varieties 
of shale are, however, more 
porous than the sandstone, 
and aU the shale is traversed by fissures through which water cir- 
culates as in the sandstone. 




24 GROUND WATER IN THE HARTFORD AND OTHER AREAS, CONN. 



QUANTITY OF WATER. 

The quantity of water contained in the pores of the sand- 
stones and sandy shales is great, but owing to the minuteness of the 
pores the quantity recoverable by wells is small. This is illustrated 
by the well at the Hartford Sanatorium, which was drilled because 

owing to the altitude of the institution, 
city water was not available except by 
pumping. It was sunk to a depth of 
974 feet in an effort to obtain a yield 
of 50 gallons a minute, the minimum 
amount required. The following table 
shows the increase in yield as the well 
was sunk. (See fig. 7.) 

Yield of Hartford Sanatorium veil at several speci- 
fied depths. 



100 



200 



300 



400 

<0 
<+- 

•- 500 

.c 

Q. 
« 

Q 

600 

700 

800 

(900 

1,1000 



o 



Depth. 


Yield. 




Gallons 


Feet. 


per minute. 


85 


1 


360 


3 


575 


6 


650 


8 


872 


12 


974 


12 



5 10 15 20 

Yield, gallons per minute 



Figure 7.— Diagram illustrating increase of 
yield with depth in well at Hartford Sana- 
torium. 



Log of Hartford Sanatorium well. 

Feet. 

Till 10 

Trap 565 

Red sandstone 230 

Trap 169 



974 



In places drills have penetrated to depths of 200 feet or more 
without encountering water-bearing fissures, and in many of these 
wells the seepage from the sandstone was so slight that it was neces- 
sary to add water from the surface to keep the drill holes wet. No 
successful wells have been reported in which the water did not come 
from fissures in the rocks; a considerable number of unsuccessful 
wells have been sunk in the sandstones which did not encounter 
water-bearing cracks, and the conclusion is that the porosity of the 
sandstone, though sufficient for the storage of large quantities of 
water, is not great enough to afford satisfactory yields by direct 
seepage into wells. Owing to the ramif3dng system of joints, how- 
ever, most of the wells drilled into the sandstone obtain sufficient 
water for domestic needs. Figure 8 shows the percentage of the 
wells examined yielding various specified amounts. 

The limestone differs from the sandstone in its relation to perco- 
lating water only in being much less porous and in being locally 



GROUND WATER FOE MUNICIPAL USE. 



25 



Percentage of wells 




— iNj ro 

Oi O tJl 


O 



traversed by joints and solution channels formed by water (PI. V, B). 
Water enters these passages, joints, or cracks from the saturated 
overlying material, circulates througli them, and eventually issues 
as springs or seeps 
back into drift at 
lower levels. The 
limestone is so com- 
pact that it contains 
only small quantities 
of water, and the 
solution channels by 
which it is traversed 
in some places serve 
as drains through the 
rock itseK and afford 
a rapid escape for 
water along their 
courses; conse- 
quently above the 
valley levels the lime- 
stone may become 
dry very early in a 
period of drought. 

GROUND WATER 
FOR MUNICIPAL 
USE. 

PROBLEMS IN- 
VOLVED. 

The problems to 
be considered in 
planning the use of 
ground water for a 
new or enlarged pub- 
lic water system re- 
late to the quantity 
of water available, 
the quality of the 
water, the methods 
of obtaining it, and 
the cost of establish- * 

ing and maintaining the works. These problems are largely interde- 
pendent, and their relative importance depends on the proposed uses 
of the water and the conditions under which it is to be supplied. 




26 (iROUND WATER TN TTTF HARTFORD AND OTHER AREAS, CONX. 

QUANTITY REQUIRED. 

In a town having an established water system the per capita con- 
sumption is kno^vn and the quantity of water required for extending 
the system can be estimated with a fair degree of accuracy. In 
a small town or community in which a public supply is designed to 
replace private weUs an estimate of the amount of water required 
should be based on a comparative study of the consumption in towns 
of similar characteristics. Plans for cities or for smaller communi- 
ties involve consideration of future needs based on the probable 
rate of increase in population and the circumstances affecting it, 
and also on the estimated rate and amount of development of indus- 
trial enterprises. In a State such as Connecticut, where the sig- 
nificance of past conditions and present trends of population and in- 
dustries are fairly well understood, an average town of less than 10,000 
inhabitants may plan for a 20-year service on the basis of the present 
population. Estimates of the future needs for larger cities are much 
less likely to be reliable, and so far as practicable future requirements 
should be provided by maintaining a system capable of extension at 
reasonable cost as the need arises. The data available for the larger 
cities of Connecticut are sufficient to serve as a guide in planning 10 
years in advance of present needs on the basis of an estimated con- 
sumption of 100 gallons per capita per day. 

The factors that determine the quantity of water required are as 
f oUows : 

1. Number of inhabitants. 

2. Nature of the local industries. 

3. Wealth and habits of the people. 

4. Extent to which water is used in fountains and in lawn and street sprinkling. 

5. Climate, as affecting the use and waste of water to prevent freezing. 

6. Leakage. 

7. Basis of revenue (meter or flat rate). 

8. Quality, quantity, and pressure, as tending to encourage or discourage liberal use 
and great wastefulness. 

9. The popularity of a new or improved supply. 

The consumption of water is usually stated in gallons per capita 
per day, but it is not sufficient to take into account only this average 
daily rate of consumption, for the demand varies during the year and 
during the day and the supply must be adequate for temporary 
heavy drafts. The following table shows the average daily con- 
sumption in Hartford, Conn., for each month during 1912 and during 
the period from 1903 to 1912, inclusive: 



GROUND WATER FOR MUNICIPAL USE. 27 

Average daily consumption of water during each month in Hartford, Conn.O' 



Month. 



1912 



Average 
for 10 years, 
1903-1912. 



January.. 
February . 

March 

April 

May 

June 



Gallons. 

8,317,000 

8, 730, 000 

8,625,000 

8,445,000 

8.800,000 

9,128,000 



Gallons. 

6,717,000 

6,959,000 

6,896,000 

7,044,000 

7, 380, 000 

7,648,000 



Month. 



July 

August 

September. 

October 

November. 
December. . 



1912 



Gallons. 

9,245,000 

8,694,000 

8, 675, 000 

8.674,000 

8,283,000 

8,142,000 



Average 
for 10 years, 
1903-1912. 



Gallons. 
7,642,000 
7,315,000 
7,411,000 
7,191,000 
6,978,000 
6,775,000 



a Board of Water Commissioners, Hartford, Conn., Fifty-ninth Ann. Rept. (year ending Mar. 1, 1913), 
p. 190. 

The following table illustrates the variation in the rate of consump- 
tion during the day: 

Consumption of Mystic water supply in Boston in August, 1893, in gallons per capita 

per day} 



4 to 7 p. m 79. 5 

7 to 10 p. m 61. 9 

10 p. m. to 1 a. m 52. 9 



1 to 4 a. m 40. 8 

4 to 7 a. m 58. 6 

7 to 10 a. m 103. 8 

10 a. m. to 1 p. m 93.0 

1 to 4 p. m 98. 2 

" The large consumption from 1 to 4 a. m. must have been mostly waste." 



Average 73. 6 



To meet these daily peak loads and to insure against emergencies 
that might arise from fire or disability of pumps, a ground-water 
system should be equipped with a surface reservoir or a standpipe 
unless the capacity of the pumps and wells is much greater than the 
normal consumption. 

QUALITY OF WATER. 

Most surface waters may be polluted, and pollution of some is prac- 
tically inevitable. The mineral content of surface waters in Con- 
necticut, however, is seldom such as to render them unfit for general 
use. Ground waters, especially those drawn from bedrock, may re- 
quire the removal of iron before they are suitable for use. Therefore 
the installation of purifying equipment may be necessary, whether the 
supply comes from the surface or from under ground. 

METHODS OF OBTAINING WATER. 
PKINCIPAL SOURCES. 

The possible sources of water for municipal suppHes are streams, 
springs, deep w^ells, filtration galleries, and shallow wells. The extent 
to which each of these sources is employed in New England is shown 
in the following table: 



1 Tumeaure, F. E., and Russell, H. L., Public water supplies, p. 29, 1908. 



28 GROUND WATER IN THE HARTFORD AND OTHER AREAS^ CONN. 
Sources of public water supplies in New England. <i 





Number of public supplies derived from— 


State. 


Sur- 
face 
water. 


Surface 

water 

and 

springs. 


Sur- 
face 

water 
and 

shal- 
low 

wells. 


Springs. 


Shallow 
wells. 


Shallow 
wells 
and 

springs. 


Galler- 
ies. 


Shallow 
wells 
and 
galler- 
ies. 


Deep 
and 
arte- 
sian 

wells. 






Dug. 


Driv- 
en. 


Total. 


Maine 


53 
37 
21 
67 
12 
48 


2 
2 
3 
2 

9 





3 




12 
17 
13 
23 

8 


1 
1 

20 
1 




2 



14 









3 







6 







4 




2 
2 


1 

2 


70 


New Hampshire. . 
Vermont 


61 
37 


Massachusetts 

Rhode Island 

Connecticut 


143 
13 

67 


Total 


238 


18 


3 


73 


23 


16 


3 


6 


4 


7 


391 



a Compiled from Baker, M. N., Manual of American waterworks, 1897. 
Note. — Surface water includes supplies from streams, lakes, and impounding reservoirs. 

STREAMS. 

Streams afford the simplest means of obtaining water for municipal 
use. If the minimum daily discharge of the stream available exceeds 
the maximum daily consumption by an amount sufficient to provide 
for an emergency draft, the water may be diverted directly into the 
street mains. If, however, the daily discharge, as determined by 
measurements extending through a number of years, is not sufficient 
to meet the daily consumption, storage must be provided. As large 
streams are generally utilized in disposing of sewage, it is customary 
to go to the smaller ones for water supplies ; hence the most common 
type of development involves the construction of reservoirs. A use- 
ful rule for estimating the storage required is that the amount stored 
shall be about the same percentage of the total yearly consumption 
as the total yearly consumption is of the total yield of the drainage 
basin.^ 

In the highland areas of Connecticut practically aU the available 
ground water of the drift and considerable from crevices in the bed- 
rock returns to the surface along the stream courses. For this reason 
the most effective method of obtaining this ground water is by con- 
structing a dam in the stream into which it is discharged, and thus 
forcing it to the surface ; and since in many places a reservoir site can 
be selected from which water can be dehvered by gravity, the cost of 
pumping may be eliminated. 

SPRINGS. 

Springs may be grouped into two classes, the first including those 
which serve as outlets for ground water that has reached horizons far 

a International Library of Technology, vol. 36, Water supply, p. 1322. 



GROUND WATER FOR MUNICIPAL USE. 29 

below the earth's surface, and the second including those whose water 
has passed to slight depths only. 

Most of the Connecticut springs belong to the second class. In fact, 
nearly all perennial streams owe their persistence through dry seasons 
to such springs. Springs of this kind are generally small. They vary 
in yield with the amount and character of local precipitation and in 
permanency with the seasonal distribution of rainfall, the extent of 
their individual collecting areas, and the nature of the soil and vegeta- 
tion. Most of the small, so-called surface supphes in the State are sup- 
ported to a large extent by springs of this type, but because of their 
liability to fail in dry seasons and their average low yield, these springs 
are not adapted to use as public supplies unless they occur in large num- 
bers and in locahties where the surplus yield during wet seasons may be 
stored for use in droughts. A sufficient number of springs occurring 
in a favorable locality would produce either a lake or a stream. The 
accumulated waters from such groups of springs would possess the 
quahties of surface waters and would properly be classed with them. 

Most deep-seated springs are independent of seasonal changes and 
are free from surface pollution. Their waters may, however, contain 
sufficient mineral matter to render them undesirable for municipal 
supplies but valuable medicinally. Springs of this type in Connecticut 
furnish waters of high purity and are highly exploited for special 
domestic use. Their commercial value as bottled waters as well as 
their small number will doubtless continue to prevent their use as 
sources of municipal supply. 

WELLS DRILLED INTO ROCK. 

The often expressed idea that a well of water or even a flowing well 
may be obtained anywhere by drilling deep enough is based on an 
erroneous conception of the occurrence of ground water. Some 
areas, as, for example, parts of Texas and South Dakota, are ex- 
tensively underlain by porous water-bearing rocks capable of fur- 
nishing large and continuous supplies, and in such areas it is usually 
possible, after a few wells have been drilled, to predict with con- 
siderable accuracy the depth at which water will be found and 
the amount that will be obtained. In areas underlain by such ma- 
terials as comprise the rock floor of Connecticut, however, large 
quantities of water are seldom obtained by drilling into bedrock, and 
moreover the yields of new wells can not be predicted from the records 
of existing rock wells because the supplies are obtained from discon- 
tinuous and irregular fissures which vary in size, distribution, and 
water content. 

Wells that overflow at the surface are not common in Connecticut, 
but flows have been obtained both by driUing into bedrock and by 



30 GEOUND WATER. IN THE HARTFORD AND OTHER AREAS, CONN. 

driving ''points" to shallow depths in the drift. Such flows are 
generally under low head and may cease within a few days or even 
within a few hours. 

In drilled wells the flow is due to conditions illustrated in figures 
2, 4, 5, and 6. If an impervious stratum of clay or till covers a 
sloping rock surface it may confine the water in the rock crevices 
and generate hydrostatic pressure that forces the water to the surface 
when a well penetrates the impervious stratum. In some shallow 
wells the conditions are similar. A sloping stratum of sand or gravel 
confined between beds of clay may contain water under sufiicient 
pressure to force the water to flow at the surface when the upper im- 
pervious layer is penetrated by a driven point. 

As conditions favor flowing weUs in but few places in Connecticut, 
ground water must generally be recovered by pumping. Moreover, 
in most drilled weUs the water does not rise to a level within the suc- 
tion limit, and a gang of drilled weUs can therefore generally not be 
pumped by means of a suction main. A lift pump is usually required 
in each well except where air lifts can be used to advantage. On 
account of the smaU yields, high costs, and great uncertainty in regard 
to every phase of the development, drilled weUs are hardly to be con- 
sidered for supplying water to large municipahties. For a village in 
which the consumption does not exceed 50,000 gallons a day and 
surface water is not readily available, a satisfactory supply may be 
obtained by driUing one or more wells into rock. 

DUG WELLS. 

Dug wells draw their water from the glacial drift. They are best 
adapted to aj-e as where the drift is not very porous and yields water 
only slowly, whereas driven weUs are best adapted to areas in the 
valleys where deposits of porous stratified drift supply water more 
freely. The yield from a dug weU depends on the porosity of the drift, 
the dimensions of the well, and the depth to which the well is sunk 
below the water table. To obtain permanent supplies these wells 
must pass below the lowest position of the water table. Dug wells 
are not adapted for furnishing public supplies unless the quantity of 
water required is small, and even then such a supply would hardly 
justify the installation of the necessary pumps and pipe lines, because 
the cost would be great for each unit of water developed. 

INFILTRATION GALLERIES. 

Underground gaUeries or tunnels are usually constructed for the 
purpose of filtering stream waters. Under favorable conditions they 
may be used to recover ground water, but in general wherever the 
deposits are porous enough to yield much water to infiltration gal- 
leries, the supphes can be obtained more economically and satisfac- 



GROUND WATER FOR MUNICIPAL USE. 31 

torily by means of driven wells. Infiltration galleries are expensive 
to construct, and their efficiency is subject to decreases which are 
not easily remedied. 

DRIVEN WELLS. 
GENERAL CONDITIONS. 

The larger stream valleys, as, lor example, the valley of Connecticut 
River near Hartford and that of Willimantic River between Willi- 
mantic and Norwich, contain deposits of coarse sediments that are 
capable of yielding sufficient water for city and village supplies. 
Even the less extensive deposits, such as are found in the valley of 
Noroton River, would yield enough water for the smaller villages 
conveniently situated. The most economical method of utilizing 
the water from these deposits is probably by means of driven wells 
with perforated iron casings, 6 or 8 inches in diameter, as described 
on page 40. A project involving the use of driven wells differs from 
one in which drilled rock walls are to be used in that reliable infor- 
mation regarding (he quantity and quaUty of water available can 
be obtained at moderate cost. The thickness and extent of the 
water-bearing formation can be determined by rough surveys, and 
pumping tests by means of drive points will establish the feasibiUty 
of the project. It does not seem probable that the largest cities of the 
State could be adequately served by ground-water suppUes, but it 
is certain that many communities requiring water in moderate 
quantity could economically obtain it from this source, and the large 
cities could probably supplement their supplies. The use of driven 
wells is illustrated by the plants at Brookline, Mass., Brooklyn, N. Y., 
and Plainfield, N. J. 

PLANT AT BROOKLINE, MASS. 

The municipal pumping plant at Brookline, Mass., has been 
described by the superintendent, Mr. F. F. Forbes, as foUows: ^ 

The material for this paper was gathered from work which was done under my 
direction in Brookline, two and four years ago, to increase the water supply of this 
town. 

The work consisted in laying a suction main made up as follows: 2,054 feet of 24- 
inch pipe, 2,093 feet of 20-inch pipe, 531 feet of 16-inch pipe, 1,427 feet of 10-inch 
pipe, and 155 feet of 8-inch pipe, a total of 6,260 feet, and driving 201 2^-inch wells, 
and connecting 160 wells. The other 41 wells were failures. 

The plant was designed to deliver water at the rate of 5,000,000 gallons per day 
for as many hours each day as might be necessary to supply the town. A slight study 
for such a plant will convince one that it is very important that the pipes and connec- 
tions should be air-tight and so put together that they will remain in this state even 
if some small settling should take place in the suction main, for not only does it cost 
money to pump air from which no benefit is received, but its presence in the con- 
ducting pipes lessens the amount of water they will carry, also decreases the quantity 

1 Forbes, F. F., Driven wells at Brookline, Mass.: New England Waterworks Assoc. Jour. , vol. 11, No. 3, 
p. 195, Mar., 1897. 



32 GROUND WATER IN THE HARTFORD AND OTHER AREAS, CONN. 

which can be taken from the ground by partially destroying the vacuum, and also 
causes the pumps to perform badly unless the air is removed before it reaches them. 

It is not an easy matter to lay a long line of pipe, drive and connect numerous wells, 
and leave no place through which the air can flow. Not only must the material used 
be without defects, but the work must be most faithfully done — the latter being by 
far the most difficult part. It is with much satisfaction that I can speak of the results 
obtained in Brookline. The plant has now been in use nearly two years without 
giving the least trouble from air leaks, or, in fact, from any other causes. 

A description of the principal details of construction is as follows: The 24-inch 
suction main is connected directly to the pumps without an air separator or sand 
receiver. The top of this main is laid from 6 to 8 feet below the surface of the ground, 
and about 5 feet below the usual level of Charles River during the summer months. 
The main was laid at this depth for two reasons — first, that more water might be drawn 
from the ground, and second, that the main might be in the most favorable position 
not to be affected by expansion or contraction due to changes of temperature. The 
main has a slight pitch from the pump, the farther end being about 6 inches lower. 
This construction is necessary to allow any air which may be in the pipes to flow 
toward the station and not pocket at any point on the line. 

This suction main is composed of ordinary cast-iron bell and spigot pipes, laid in 
the usual way with lead joints. Extra pains were taken, however, in calking these 
joints. During the laying of this main and the connecting of the wells it was neces- 
sary to keep a 6-inch rotary pump running day and night to free the trench from water. 
The bottom of the trench was a rather fine sand, and the pipe was supported on a 
blocking reaching to a timber platform, placed about 8 inches below the bottom of 
the pipes, to allow room to calk the joints. 

Short cast-iron Y branches of special design were placed in the main for each well. 
The 2i-inch outlets of these Y branches were drilled and tapped to a templet at the 
foundry before tarring, under the watch of an inspector. 

The wells were connected to these Y branches by two lead connections 2^ inches 
in diameter and of a weight of 11 pounds per foot. A gate with companion flanges 
was placed between these lead connections, the flanges forming the union joint between 
the wells and suction main. The soldering nipples used with the lead connections 
were made to order and of the best steam metal. They were delivered un tinned in 
order that any defect in them could be easily found. Special care was taken to solder 
these nipples to the lead connections. A wiped joint was not considered to be always 
air-tight, and of this size rather difficult to make, and we finally decided to sweat the 
nipples in, as this process is sometimes called. The necessary heat was obtained from 
cast-iron plugs heated in a portable forge which fitted loosely into the nipples. The 
well pipes were screwed together with special ^vl•ought-iron couplings until the ends 
butted, and special cement was used on the threads. The wells were from 35 to 95 
feet deep. Two and one-half inch tees of a special pattern were placed on the wells 
at a proper grade to allow them to be connected by means of the lead connections to 
the suction main. The piping of the wells was carried to the height of about 1 foot 
above the surface of the ground and capped with a special cap. The wells have open 
ends, no strainers of any kind being used. In the bottom pieces there are five rows 
of holes with nine holes in a row, spaced 2^ inches apart from centers, and bushed 
with three-eighths inch brass pipe. 

As before stated, we have had no ah* leaks so far, and as the suction pipe is laid 
with lead joints, and the connection l)etween this pipe and the wells with lead pipe, 
thus making the whole construction flexible, we can see no reason why air leaks 
should ever occur. 

The details of the cost of construction of the work done two years ago, which included 
laying all of the 20, 16, 10, and 8 inch pipe and dri\dng 159 wells, are as follows: 



GEOUXD WATER FOR MUNICIPAL USE. 33 

The cost of driving and connecting 118 good wells and driving and pulling up 
41 poor wells: 

Labor, driving wells $1, 561. 00 

Labor, connecting wells 210. 00 

Labor, pumping out wells T 369. 00 

Well j>ipes, not including the bottom piece 572. 06 

Bottom pieces 196. 23 

Preparing the bottom pieces 118. 00 

Gate tops for the wells 360. 37 

Gates 660. 80 

2J-inch tees 94. 40 

Soldering nipples 250. 16 

Solder : 23. 00 

Three-quarter inch rope 5. 31 

Oil 6.25 

Red and white lead 23. 59 

Lead pipe 333. 40 

Making lead connections in the shop 52. 50 

2i-inch plugs r 2. 29 

2§-inch couplings 155. 40 

Pulling up poor wells 80. 00 

Akron pipe for gate boxes 306. 92 

Cutting threads on pipe 206. 72 

Teaming 14. 00 

3kIiscellp.neous 51. 26 

Total cost of wells 5, 652. 66 

Number of feet of good wells driven 5, 977 

Number of feet of poor wells driven 1, 741 

Total 7.718 

Average depth of the wells feet. . 50 

Average number of feet driven: per day with gang of four men. 50 

Cost of labor, driA-ing wells, per foot $0. 21 

Average cost of each good well, including driving and con- 
necting and expense of driving and pulHng the poor wells. . 47. 90 

Detail of the cost of la>dng the suction main: 

Labor $10, 428. 32 

Lumber 1, 118. 55 

Pipes 6,248.07 

Gates 341. 16 

Lead 515. 09 

Pumping, the engineer 458. 56 

Pumping, coal 174. 71 

Unloading pipes 39. 00 

Inspecting pipes at foundry and at the cars 183. 00 

Rubber boots 210. 00 

Shovels 52. 00 

Carting men to and from work 947. 30 

Hauling the pipe from the cars 300. 00 

Miscellaneous expressing 79. 30 

97889°— wsp 374—16 3 



34 GROUND WATER. IN THE HARTFORD AND OTHER AREAS^ CONN. 

Oil for tlie engine $4. 80 

Jute packing ^ 12. 74 

Miscellaneous 155. 43 

Total cost of laying the pipe 21, 268. 03 

The amounts laid are as follows: 

20-inch pipe feet. . 2, 023 

16-inch pipe do. . 551 

10-inch pipe do. . 1, 420 

8-inch pipe do. . 155 

4,149 

Total cost of laying the pipe $21, 268. 03 

Total cost of d^i^^-ng and connecting the wells 5, 652. 66 

Total cost 26, 920. 69 

Total cost of laying the pipe, dri\T.ng and connecting wells, 
per foot of suction main 6. 45 

PLANT AT BROOKLYN, N. Y. 

The city of Brooklyn, N. Y., obtains a large part of its water supply 
from gangs of driven wells situated at several places on Long Jsland. 
The wells fii^t driven were of the closed-end type, but those sunk 
later are of the open-end type. The wells are arranged in two rows, 
one on each side of the suction main, the wells in some gangs being 
in files and in others staggered. One of the new plants is described 
as follows: ^ 

The main suctions are about 2,340 feet long, with a fall of 12 inches from center to 
each end. The 62 wells are staggered along the main suction pipe, 12 feet from it 
and 75 feet apart on each side. Their average depth is 45 feet, a stratum of fine sharp 
sand being met with at that depth. The outside casing is 4J inches, with a 6-foot 
strainer, 2-foot sand pocket,^ and 6-inch point. Suctions are 3 inches in diameter 
and 28 feet long. Lateral branches are 3| inches, and each is pro\T.ded with a gate. 
It is expected to get 6,000,000 gallons from this station. The contract price for the 
last 25,000,000 was $167,250 for sinking and connecting wells, the }T.eld to be deter- 
mined by a test lasting one year and taken as the lowest average for five consecutive 
days. 

PLANT AT PLAINFIELD, N. J. 

The ^stem of driven wells supplying the city of Plainfield, N. J., 
is described by L. L. Tribus ^ as follows: 

The region itself is a comparatively level valley, some 7 miles long and from three- 
fourths to 2 miles wide, is fairly well wooded, and slopes gently to the westward. 
It is di\ided by a small stream nmning to the southwest, ha\ing several short tribu- 
taries; together they furnish excellent surface drainage for the city. 

1 Turneaure, F. E., and Russell, H. L., Public water supplies, p. 308, 1909. 

2 A sand pocket is a drum or box inserted in the suction pipe to catch sand that is drawn up with the 
water. It is provided with handholes to facilitate cleaning. — A. J. E. 

STribus, L. L., Am. Soc. Civil Eng. Tran^., vol. 31, No. 700, pp. 371 et seq., 1894. 



U. S. GE 



WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 374 PLATE VI 



/J/'r 
yent . 



Rubber, 



gaskets 



«> ^ C7 



^ 



/ 




Test we// A 
--200'-* 



891. 




PLAN OF PROPERTY AND DETAIL OF WELLS OF WATERWORKS AT PLAINFIELD, N. J., 1891. 



GEOUND WATEK FOR MUNICIPAL USE. 35 

The soil consists mostly of sand, clay, and gravel strata, rock not being encountered 
except at considerable depths. 

It has always been an easy matter to procure water in abundance for domestic use 
by dri\-ing pipe wells from 20 to 80 feet deep at each residence and attacMng pumps 
directly tiiereto; and for fire supplies, sinking large brick ciu-bs some 15 or 20 feet 
into the gravel gave an abundant flow. But obviously, with the increasing population 
and no sewerage system, indiAddual wells became a source of danger to health, yet 
for nearly 20 years no definite result was accomplished, more than the mere organiza- 
tion of a private water company. 

In 1890 active measures were taken and tests and examinations made, wliich finally 
resulted in the sinking of pipe wells on a plot of ground 1^ miles east of the center of 
the city in a soil where the upper clay stratum was some 30 feet or more in thickness, 
underlaid by a very coarse water-bearing gravel. Tliis spot was selected for its freedom 
from probable contamination on groimd slightly higher than the city, which at the 
same time was convenient. 

Several test wells were sunk at various points previous to the observations of the 
writer, and pumping tests made with a low-lift pump of a number of the main wells 
then driven, under the care of Mr. Rudolph Hering, M. Am. Soc. C. E. The quantity 
of water obtained from 10 wells for periods of eight hours' daily consecutive pumping, 
diuing two weeks of observation, was at the rate of from 2,000,000 to 2,125,000 gallons 
in 24 horn's. 

An inspection of Plate Y [VI in the present report] will show the final arrange- 
ment of the wells, test wells, pumping plant in general, and details of the well tubes. 
The construction of the cast heads is such as to transform each water tube into prac- 
tically an open well, giving atmospheric pressure free play rather than forcing its 
action through the earth, as in systems where but a single tube is used. The most 
distant well is 500 feet from the pumps and shows in an interesting manner by the 
vacuum at the well head and increased vacuum at the pump the effect of long 
suction and friction in the main. 

The 2-inch pipe test wells, marked "A," ''B," "C," and "D" on Plate VI, were 
observed daily by the writer, while resident engineer, during several months. They 
each had a simple balanced float gage and scale, which indicated the rise and fall of 
water level. They were all very sensitive to draft on the main wells when pumping 
was going on, though the nearest was 200 feet from the Une of wells. 

Comparison of these observations under the different conditions and seasons showed, 
among other tilings, that in about 1,900 feet the underground water level fell to the 
westward about 3 feet, or at about the same rate as the average surface of the ground. 
This evidenced conclusively that the flow of water was toward the city with a head 
BuflScient to prevent any back flow of contaminated waters from the city. 

In summary, the plant consists of 20 wells, 6 inches in diameter, from 35 to 50 feet 
in depth each, ranged in a double row on a strip of land 25 feet wide and 1,000 feet 
long, ha\ing in each a 4^|-inch open-end suction tube, connected with a wrought-iron 
main varying from 8 to 12 inches in diameter. This main is in two sections, each 500 
feet, connecting 10 wells. 

Two compound siu-face-condensing duplex-plunger pumps, Wortloington make, 
one of 3,000,000 and one of 2,000,000 gallons daily capacity, and a boiler plant of 
sufficient power, with various essential small machines, are housed in a rough stone 
building, slate roofed. 

The water, drawn, as before stated, direct from the wells, is pumped into a wrought- 
iron standpipe (situated near at hand) 25 feet in diameter and 140 feet liigh, tlirough 
a 20-inch interior tube rising 5 feet above the top. Two lower openings on this rising 
main, with valves operated from the outside spiral staircase, afford opportunity for 
filUng the standpipe at lesser head if required. 



36 GEOUND WATER IN THE HARTFORD AND OTHER AREAS^ CONN". 

Tlie object of tliis interior tube, wbich was almost imiqiie when erected, is thjeefold: 

First, by its fountain action, enforcing complete aeration. 

Second, complete circnlation. 

Third, to afford instant fii'e pressure, no matter what the elevation of water in the 
main tower. Tliis is accompi^shed by opening a by-pass, not otherwise used, connect- 
ing the rising main and the distribution line, the city's supply being dra^ii regularly 
from the bottom of the standpipe with pressure due to level of water in main tower. 

From the standpipe the Plainfield pipe system extends to the west, comprising 
some 30 miles of mains from 6 to 16 inches in diameter, having fire hydrants spaced 
about 11 and vah-es 6 per mile. * -^ * 

After the tests made by Mr. Hering and the partial completion of the works, various 

other tests were made with the permanent pumping plant. It was found that the 

wells on the westerly line yielded more abundantly than the easterly ones, uader 

equally good conditions, and gave a lower vacuum for the same quantity pumped. 
* ^ * 

The tests were made with the large pumps, under both free discharge and full 
working head, singly and together, and drawing from the wells in gi-oups of 5, 10, 15, 
and 20, using each combination of 5; also, by cutting off one by one until the smallest 
number that could be used was reached, then adding one by one in reverse order until 
the full series were again in use. Five wells were found to be the smallest number 
possible to use and run the pumps smoothly. Wells Nos. 6 to 10 gave the best results, 
while Nos. 16 to 20 furnished but little water. The best results were obtained for a full 
flow by using Nos. 1 to 15, inclusive. * * * 

Diu'ing the long-continued dry weather of 1891 the water level became so low that 
difficulty arose with the extreme suction lift obtained, from 20 to 28 feet, according to 
rate of pumping, a fall of some 6 or 7 feet since the earlier observations, so that in the 
summer of 1892 it was deemed best to lower the pumps, which was done to the depth of 
8 feet 1 inch below the former positions. 

For the sake of a constant observation and record, a 3-inch open tube was driven 
from the engine room into the water-bearing graA^el, and a permanent float gage 
suspended in it, indicating by a balance pointed on a scale of feet placed conveniently 
in the room. Although some 80 feet from the nearest main well, therefore not showing 
the lowest level of the water at the wells when pumping, it does show the relative 
water level under the same conditions and the daily and monthly range. "When 
pumping the average lowering of the gage is about 8 inches, with an almost immediate 
return aftar stopping the pump. 

Rainfalls need to be exceptionally heav}^ to make any marked showing in the water 
level, and not much then inside of 24 hours. This seems to indicate that the water 
supply comes from a distance, but there is an insufficiency of data for determining this 
interesting point. 

In these two years or more of operation the wells have furnished daily, without 
difficulty or signs of falling away, the full demand of from 200,000 gallons at the start 
to 1,700,000 gallons at the present time, apparently derived, as the early tests indi- 
cated, from the western 15 of the 20 wells driven. The water itself has been of uni- 
formly excellent quality, both for domestic and manufacturing purposes — so far, 
therefore, a decided success as an underground water supply. 

PRIVATE SPRINGS AND WELLS. 

Many of the wells in Connecticut were dug long before modern prin- 
ciples of sanitation had become established, and having been so long 
regarded as admirable relics of earlier days they are, naturally enough, 
imitated now, even at the expense of sanitary and economic con- 
siderations; indeed, nearly 80 per cent of the wells in Connecticut 



PRIVATE SPRIXGS AXD WELLS. 37 

are of the old dug type, stone lined and, if covered at all, provided 
with loose, leaky curbs. 

Sanitary precautions are necessary not only in caring for dug wells 
but also in caring for springs and drilled wells. Springs are espe- 
cially susceptible to pollution because the water issues at the surface 
and almost always on a slope where surface drainage can readily enter 
the pool. Springs should be equipped with concrete reservoirs and 
should be kept covered, and the water should be drawn from dehvery 
pipes. Such equipment is not necessarily elaborate or expensive. It 
is important only to exclude surface drainage and prevent contamina- 
tion either by persons or animals, and it should be borne in mind that 
contamination is possible whenever access to the stored water is 
possible. Drilled wells properly constructed by reliable drillers 
exclude surface water. If the weU casings are properly set and the 
pump fittings are tight, such wells are in little danger of pollution. 

The per capita consumption of water from private wells is much 
less than that from public systems, largely because of the general 
lack of convenience in well equipment, and consequently the quan- 
tity of water that will be required in any particular case will depend 
on the equipment to be installed. A pneumatic system or a tower 
system installed for the purpose of furnishing running water m the 
house and barns will require about ten times as much water as a 
plant consisting merely of a hoisting bucket or a small hand pump. 
The type of well to be used should also be taken into account. An 
ordinary dug well yielding continuously only 2 gallons a minute 
might, because of its storage capacity, meet a temporary draft of 
50 or 100 gallons a minute, whereas a driven well, having no stored 
supply, could not meet a draft in excess of its maximiun yield. There- 
fore the estimate of the quantity required should be based not alone 
on the total quantity of water used in a day but in part also on the 
greatest rate at which it is to be pumped from the well. 

The water delivered by springs is, in general, of the same quality 
as the water to be obtained from shallow weUs in their vicinity. 
Therefore the choice between utilizing a spring and sinking a well 
depends on the relative cost and the resulting convenience. Springs 
so situated that water may be delivered to buildings by gravity 
afford very desirable supplies, but springs which must be pumped to 
be of service give no better supplies than dug wells. 

So far as their mmeral quality is concerned, well waters are suitable 
for aU ordmary domestic purposes. Dug wells generally yield 
satisfactory domestic supplies, but they should be carefully curbed, 
and, if they are open to the air^ they should be cleaned out at regular 
intervals. 

Wlierc the unconsolidated material consists of sand or gravel, 
driven weUs are likely to be most convenient, because they are 



38 GROUND WATER IN THE HARTFORD AND OTHER AREAS^ CONN. 

especially adaptable to uses in gardens, pastures, barnyards, and 
other places where water is required for stock and plants and 
where dug wells would be objectionable. Two or three screen 
points driven at convenient places in a tobacco field may pay for 
themselves in a single season by obviating long trips for water. 

The water from driven wells is similar in composition to that from 
dug wells, as it comes from the same source, and it is to some extent 
susceptible to pollution. The ground around the top of driven wells 
should be kept clean and dry. 

Drilled wells commonly yield at least 2 or 3 gallons a minute, a 
quantity adequate for the needs of most households (fig. 8, p. 25), 
and ordinarily the water is suitable for domestic uses. 

METHODS OF DEVELOPING GROUND-WATER SUPPLIES. 

DRILLED WELLS. 

Constrtidion} — Two general methods of weU drilling are employed 
in obtaining water supplies — the percussion method and the abrasion 
method. In Connecticut the percussion method is- most commonly 
used. It consists of lifting and dropping, by means of suitable 
apparatus, a heavy string of drill tools which punches or cuts a hole 
through the unconsolidated materials and breaks the solid rock into 
fragments small enough to be readily removed from the hole. When 
drilling in unconsolidated material iron pipe or well casing as large 
in diameter as the hole will admit, usually either 6 or 8 inches, is 
generall}^ driven down as rapidly as the drill descends, each added 
length of casing being securely screwed to the preceding one to make 
a tight joint. If the well penetrates bedrock, the casing is driven 
a few feet into the rock to prevent infiltration of surface water. If 
the well ends in loose materials, the casing extends to the bottom 
of the hole and may be perforated or slit at the lower end to admit 
water more readily. The casing is allowed to extend several inches 
above the surface of the ground to prevent inflow of surface water, 
and a flange is fitted to the top, to which a pmnp is attached. 

In drilling by the abrasion method hoUow drill tools armed with 
some harder materials, such as diamonds or chilled shot, are rotated 
on the rock in such a way that a cylindrical core is cut out and 
brought to the surface in short pieces. The waUs sunk by this 
method are finished in the same way as those made by percussion 
drilling. 

Drillers differ in opinion as to the relative efficiency of these two 
methods, the points of contention being that the abrasion method 
is more expensive, and that the rotation of the drill tools tends to 
seal up the smaller veins, thereby affording a comparatively lower 

1 Bowman, Isaiah, Well-drilling methods: U. S. Geol, Survey Water-Supply Paper 257, 1911. 



METHODS OF DEVELOPING GEOUND-WATEE SUPPLIES. 39 

yield than is obtained by percussion drilling. There are no data 
at hand which bear conclusively on these questions, but the fact 
remains that both methods are used, the percussion method to a 
much larger extent, and good results are obtained by each. 

Cost, — Owing to the competition among well drillers there is no 
"uniform scale of prices for drilhng wells. The minimum prices 
charged range from about SI to $4 per foot, including the casing. 
Usually the minimum price is charged for the first 100 feet and an 
additional charge of about $1 per foot is made for each succeeding 
100 feet or fraction thereof. Other factors which affect the prices 
are the character of the bedrocks and depth of the unconsohdated 
materials, the accessibihty of fuel and water for the engines, and 
the distance from the well to suitable boarding places for the drillers. 

No rehable driller will guarantee to obtain water within a given 
depth. Sometimes a driller offers to obtain a certain quantity of 
water for a stated sum, but as no driller can predict the depth or 
location of a successful rock well, such arrangements amount to 
little more than games of chance in which the advantage is largely 
with the driller. 

Quality of water. — Drilled wells are usually protected against con- 
tamination, but neither the quantity nor the mineral quality of the 
water can be definitely ascertained before drilhng, and consequently 
an expensive well may be drilled without striking a suitable supply. 

Drilled wells that end in the drift at depths of 75 or 100 feet are 
just as hkely to be free from pollution as wells that end in rock 
and they are less hkely to contain undesirable amounts of mineral 
matter. Moreover, drilled wells that end in rock may be polluted, 
especially where the rock outcrops or lies a short distance below the 
sm^ace, by the entrance of infected matter through open fissures. 
Many rock wells situated near the coast are contaminated by salt 
because some of the fissures intersected by the well connect with the 
ocean. The contamination is not so easily detected if the fissures con- 
tributing to the water supply come to the surface in barnyards or 
in the beds of polluted rivers. It is not necessarily fortunate if a 
well strikes a vein of '^ sulphur" water, because odors not easily 
distinguished from "sulphin:" may be due to pollution. The origin 
of any odors, colors, or tastes should be investigated before a water 
is used. Even deep drilled wells may be contaminated in a thickly 
populated community unless the protective cover of clay is thick 
and the casing is tight and fits tightly into the drill hole. 

Improvements. — Drilled wells which end in the drift do not differ 
essentially from driven wells and they should be finished in the same 
manner (p. 40). The casing should be perforated or slit at the 
principal water-bearing horizons and for some distance above the 



40 GEOUXD WATER IX THE HARTFOED AND OTHER AREAS, COXN. 



^ 



^ ^ ^ V ^ 

\N s\^N ... 



FiGLT^E 9.— Diagram of 
driven well. 



lower end. By this method the yield may gen- 
erally be materially increased. 

Some wells which produce water of an unde- 
sirable mineral character may be improved by 
casino; off the mineral water and drawinsr from a 
different wat er-bearing bed. Tliis method is not 
likely to be generally successful in Connecticut, 
however, because at any one locahty the quahty 
of the ground water at one horizon does not dif- 
fer greatly from that at another. 

If the yield of a well is reduced by pumping 
from other wells in the vicinity, the pump cyhn- 
der should be lowered, and if this does not re- 
cover the yield, deepening the well may do so. 
But there is likely to be more or less permanent 
interference when a number of wells are drilled 
close together. A method of increasing yields of 
drilled wells which has not been sufhcientl}- used 
to warrant recommending its general adoption 
consists of exploding a charge of nitroglycerin or 
d^Tiamite at the bottom of the well, in order to 
open radiating fissures that may tap otherwise 
unavailable water veins. Tliis method is used 
extensively in improving oil wells, and under fa- 
vorable conditions it might be equally successful 
in water wehs. The advisabiht}' of trying this 
method before abandoning drj^ holes ending in 
rock is suggested. It is not recommended for 
wells ending in drift. 

DRIVEN WELLS. 

Two general types of wells are classed as 
driven wells — the closed-end vrell and the open- 
end well. A closed-end well is constructed by 
driving into the ground with a sledge or drop 
hammer a ''drive point" and strainer screwed 
to a piece of pipe. Other lengths of pipe 
are added and the driving is continued until 
the strainer penetrates the gromid-water stra- 
tum (fig. 9). The diameter of the pipe and 
strainer may be 1 to 4 inches, and the length 
of the strainer is generally between \\ and 4 
feet. 

The open-end well is constructed by driving 
a casing into the ground and at the same time 



METHODS OF DEVELOPING GROUND- WATER SUPPLIES. 41 

removing the material from the interior by means of a sand bucket 
or sand pump or a jet of water. If the material penetrated is rather 
hard it may be necessary to remove it in advance of the casing by 
means of a heavy sand pump or combination jet and drill, or ordinary 
drilling may have to be done. A strainer may be attached previous to 
driving, or it maybe adjusted after the casing is down by lowering it 
on the inside. Where the water-bearing deposits include coarse mate- 
rial and large quantities of water are sought, as for municipal or indus- 
trial supphes, the most satisfactory results will be obtained by per- 
forating the casings where water is to be admitted with numerous 
circular holes at least one-fourth inch in diameter or by shts at least 
one-fom"th inch wide. These perforations can be cut or drilled before 
the casing is inserted or they can be made by perforating tools after 
the casing is in place. ^ 

After the casing is in place and the perforations have been made 
the weU should be thoroughly cleaned out in order to remove the 
fine sediments and give the water free access to the well. This can 
best be done by first using a sand bucket or sand pump and then 
applying an air hft. If an air Hft is not available, rapid pumping 
with a centrifugal or other pump can be substituted. Strong wells 
can often be developed by removing large quantities of sand and silt, 
and thus leaving a thick layer of clean gravel around the intake of 
the weU. 

The open-end well is adapted for harder ground and larger diame- 
ters than the closed-end weU. The use of drive points is restricted 
to areas in which water can be obtained in rather fine gravel or sand 
at moderate depths, but open-end weUs may be used in almost any 
unconsohdated deposits and they may be sunk to depths of several 
hundred feet. It is probable that in Connecticut either drive points 
or the usual drilled weUs ending in the drift and having the casings 
perforated will be found satisfactory. 

Driven wells are used to obtain both domestic and municipal sup- 
phes. It is seldom that more than one well is required to furnish 
the desired amount of water for domestic needs, but for public sys- 
tems for large towns these weUs are commonly driven in gangs, 
arranged in one or two rows along a suction main to which each well 
is connected by a lateral branch (PL VI, p. 34) . The most economical 
system is one in which the suction main can be laid on the surface 
of the ground, but in some systems, either for the purpose of obtain- 
ing the maximum yield or because the water stands below the suction 
limit of the surface, it is necessary or desirable to lay the suction 
main in a trench. 

1 Bowman, Isaiah, Well-drillirig methods: U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 257, pp. G7-09, 1911. 



42 GROUND WATER IN THE HARTFORD AND OTHER AREAS, CONN. 

It is not possible to give universall}^ applicable figures in regard to 
the requisite number of wells and their size and spacing, owing to the 
diversified conditions under which such plants are used. But in 
general the hne of wells should be at right angles to the direction of 
underflow, and the distance between the wells from 15 to 100 feet, 
according to the size of the wells. The number and size of wells to 
be used will be determined by the quantity of water required, by the 
thickness and character of the water-bearing formation, and by the 
results of pumping tests to determine the permeabihty of the 
formation. 

One of the principal difficulties encountered in the operation of 
driven wells is clogging. Infiltration of fine sand or incrusting of the 
strainer may reduce the 3^ield of a well materially, and it is neces- 
sary, therefore, to keep the tube clean. It is usually advisable to 
subject a newty driven well to heavy pumping for the purpose of 
drawing out the fine material adjacent to the strainer. Coarse ma- 
terial will be left in its place, forming a natural screen, which will 
minimize the tendency to clogging, and the yield of the well ^^-iU be 
increased by the consequent increase in the porosity of the material 
surrounding the screen.^ When clogging is due to sand only, it is 
usually possible to remove the obstruction by forcing water into the 
wells under high pressure or by means of a steam jet, but when the 
sand is cemented it is necessary to withdraw the strainers and 
clean them or replace them by new ones. 

The habihty to pollution of supphes from driven wells depends on 
the depth from which the wells draw, the effectiveness of overlying 
clay beds in shutting out polluting matter, the amount of water that 
is drawn, and other conditions. Though the danger of pollution is 
less than in open dug weUs, care should be exercised in selecting the 
sites and in protecting the surroundings. Supphes such as those 
required for large municipalities maybe in danger of drawing polluted 
water from near-by streams, although small supphes dra^vn from the 
same weUs might not be in danger of pollution. 

INFILTRATION GALLERIES. 

Infiltration galleries are trenches or tunnels with sides and roofs 
constructed usually of masonry or concrete and the floors made to 
admit water. Galleries may be built in the banks or beds of streams 
to intercept the underground water as it approaches the streams. 
The deposits in filled valleys are saturated below the level of per- 
manent streams, and galleries in such deposits offer practicable 
means of obtaining water. The bottom of a gallery may profitably 
be made lower than the bed of the stream to insure maximum infiltra- 

iMeinzer, O. E., Geology and underground waters of southern Minnesota: U. S. Geol. Survey Water- 
Supply Paper 256, p. 86, 1911. 



METHODS OF DEVELOPING GKOUND-WATEK SUPPLIES. 43 

tion. Water from the stream itself does not enter the gallery unless 
the draft on the gallery exceeds the infiltration from the landward 
side. A gallery is a modified form of dug well, from v/hich it differs 
essentially only in capacity, and the same sanitary rules apply to both. 

DUG WELLS. 

The most common well is that made by digging a hole 2 J to 4 feet 
in diameter and deep enough to obtain a suitable quantity of water. 
The hole is then walled up from the bottom to the surface of the 
ground with loose irregular stones and bowlders picked up in the 
vicinity of the well. Brick laid in mortar and glazed tile have 
been used for some walls, but these materials, though much more 
desirable, are more expensive than the stone commonly used. 
The top of the well is commonly finished by fitting a square curbing 
of boards over the hole and adding a wheel or windlass for hoisting a 
bucket. On many wells, however, there are better equipments, 
ranging from screened well sheds to concrete seals with good pumps. 
Most dug wells end in the drift, but in areas where the drift is 
thin they may end at the rock surface or penetrate the rock a few 
feet, the rock being removed by blasting. The principal advantages 
of dug wells are the ease with which they may be cleaned and 
refitted with pumps and their large storage capacity; their chief 
disadvantages are their liability to pollution and their ready 
response to changes in the weather. 

The followmg suggestions as to the sanitary construction of dug 
weUs are extracted from the Virginia Health Bulletin, volume 1, 
No. 3, page 113, September, 1908: 

THE ESSENTIALS OP A GOOD WELL. 

The location of the well is of the greatest importance. It should be as far as possible 
from the house, barn, and privy. If possible, the surface of the gTOund about the well 
should be a little higher than the siuTOunding soil, so that any surface washings may 
be carried away from the top of the well.' The ground about the top should be well 
sodded in grass. This not only adds to the attractiveness of the well but it takes care 
of a great deal of water that would otherwise have to stand in pools about the well. 
If the stock have to be watered from the well, there should be a pipe leading to a 
stock trough not less than 20 feet away, so that the stock need not come up to the 
well itself. 

A well, to be safe, should be not less than 20 feet deep; that is to say, 20 feet from 
the surface of the ground to the top of the water. It should go well through the surface 
soil, preferably through a layer of clay. The lining should bo of brick or stone laid 
in cement. Any lining that allows water to seep through it above the sm-face of the 
water may lead to pollution. The space between the casing and the surrounding 
soil should be fdled with sand or earth. 

The top of the well should be raised from the ground about a foot and set in cement 
or masonry coping that goes at least 3 feet below the surface of the ground. Over 



44 GROUND WATER IN THE HARTFORD AND OTHER AREAS^ CONN. 

the top should be laid a solid, double tongue-and-groove flooring that is absolutely 
waterproof. This is essential. Most wells are polluted by material that falls in or is 
washed in from the top, and not by seepage thi'ough the soil. 

On the well top there should be a good puni]), carefully set so as to exclude leakage 
from around its base. If the pump can not be used, there should be an automatic 
tipping bucket. The well bucket should not be handled with the hands. Many 
wells have been infected by handling the bucket with soiled hands and then letting 
it back into the well, the filth being then washed off into the water. 

Below the spout there should be a trough with a pipe leading some distance away, 
80 that the waste water may be carried away from the well. 

A well constructed in the manner described above will almost always furnish water 
that is perfectly safe, and the saving of sickness and trouble will many times o^•erpay 
for the expense and care involved. 

For convenience in discussion, dug wells may be divided, accord- 
ing to their relation to bedrock, into groups including, first, wells 
that penetrate bedrock; second, wells that just reach rock; and third, 
those that end in drift. 

Wells that penetrate bedrock are sunk in locaHties in which the 
drift is thin. The thickness of the water bed in the vicinity of such 
wells may be less than the normal fluctuation of the water table and, 
consequently, in times of drought there may be no available water in 
the drift. But the rock basins generally act as reservoirs for the 
storage of water which has seeped in from the drift and these wells 
therefore usually carry small supplies through dry seasons. In clean- 
ing rock wells, and sometimes in digging them, actual veins of water 
are encountered, and this has led some people to beUeve that the 
water is derived from sources deep in the bedrocks. Though such 
an origin is possible, most of these '^veins'' are shallow water-filled 
cracks formed naturally in the rock or produced by blasting. These 
cracks, radiating from the well, tap all along their courses the satu- 
rated zone of the overlying drift, and thus make it possible for the 
well to drain a much larger area than it otherwise could. 

Wells that extend to the surface of the bedrock are usually foimd 
in areas of thicker drift than are those which penetrate the rock. 
Like the rock wells, they pass entirely through the saturated part of 
the drift, but they do not contain a stored supply and therefore fail 
if the water table sinks to the rock surface. Consequently in local- 
ities where the wells are of both types the supplies of the rock wells 
last longest in times of drought, although the others, drawing from 
a saturated deposit whose average thickness is greater, give a greater 
average yield. 

Most of the wells that do not reach rock are found in areas of deep 
drift. These wells are sunk below the water level to a depth which 
at the time of digging is considered sufiicient to insure the required 
quantity of water. Most of the wells that fail are of this kind. The 
f ailui^e may usually be attributed to one of the following causes : 



METHODS OF DEVELOPING GEOUND-WATEE SUPPLIES. 



45 



(a) The well may 
be too shallow. To 
be reliable it should 
be sunk at least sev- 
eral feet below the 
lowest water level. 
This work can be 
most easily accom- 
plished during dry 
seasons. 

(b) The well, orig- 
inally deep enough, 
may become "filled 
in" with sand and 
mud carried by in- 
flowing water. In 
this manner the bot- 
tom of the well may 
be raised in wet sea- 
sons, when the water 
table stands high, to 
a level below which 
the water table sinks 
in dry seasons. 

(c) There may be 
a permanent lower- 
ing of the water 
table, so that the 
bottom of the well 
lies within the zone 
of fluctuation. This 
may result from til- 
ing, from a heavy 
draft on wells, or 
from lowering sur- 
face drainage either 
by removing dams 
or by deepening the 
channels of neio:h- 
boring streams. 

Wells that end in 
the sand or loose till 
should be cleaned 
about once a year; 
wells that end in the 
rock may need less 



u 



t3 
O 



P 




46 GROUND WATER IN THE HARTFORD AND OTHER AREAS, CONN. 

frequent attention. In any event cleaning should be the first remedy 
employed to restore the yield of a well. If this is not effective, then 
the well should be deepened, and if this is done when the water is 
lowest it will be easy to judge the necessary depth. WeUs may be 
deepened without disturbing the old wall by sinking 18-inch or 
24-mch tiling from the original bottom to the required depth. A 
method sometimes employed where the well ends in sand consists 
in drivmg a ^^pouit" (p. 40) into the bottom of the well to the neces- 
sary depth. If the strainer is more than 25 feet below the surface 
of the ground that is, below the suction limit — the pump cylinder 
may be attached at some point between the surface of the ground 
and the bottom of the dug well. In some weUs, especially those that 
end in rock, the most feasible way to increase the supply is by drilling 
from the bottom of the old well. This method amounts practically to 
sinking a new well except that the cost of drilling to the depth of the 
old well is saved, 

A use of the dug well which is popular in some parts of Connecticut 
is illustrated in figure 10, the well bemg sunk on a hillside above the 
house and barns so that water may be delivered to the buildings by 
gravity and under pressure. This is an excellent device wherever it 
can be used. 

DESCRIPTIONS OF TOWNS.^ 

HARTFORD. 

POPULATION AND INDUSTRIES. 

Hartford is in the central part of the State, in Hartford County 
(fig. 1, p. 12). It is reached by the Higliland division and the Spring- 
field and Valley branches of the New York, New Haven & Hartford 
Eailroad, and by the Central New England Railway: by steamboat 
from New York and Connecticut River towns during open season; 
by electric railways from Wethersfield, Rocky Hill, ^liddletown, 
Glastonbury, East Hartford, Burnside, Manchester, South Man- 
chester, Talcottville, Rockville, East Windsor HiU, Springfield, 
Windsor, Poquonock, vSuffield, West Hartford, Bloomfield, Farming- 
ton, Unionville, Newington, and New Britain. Post ofiices are 
maintained at Hartford and Parkville. 

Hartford was settled m 1635. The Indian name was Suckiage. 
It was named Newto^vn, and changed to Hartford in 1637 by an act 
of the assembly. The city of Hartford was incorporated in May, 
1784. The towm and city were consolidated in April, 1896. The 
area is 17.29 square miles, or 11,065.6 acres. 

1 The name "town'-' applied to 168 minor subdivisions of the counties in Connecticut is equivalent to 
"to^^^lship" of the Western States, except that the boundaries of the_to^\•ns are irregular and their areas 
unequal. Cities, villages, and boroughs are incorporated communities within the several towns and may- 
have the same name as the town. 



HAETFOED. 



47 



The population of Hartford in 1910 was 98,915. In 1912 it was 
estimated to be 106,000. The population from 1756 to 1912 is shown 
in the following table : 

Population of Hartford, 1756-1912. 



Year. 


Popula- 
tion. 


Per cent 
increase. 


Per cent 
decrease. 


1756 


3,027 
5,031 
5,495 
4,090 
5,347 
6,003 
6,901 
9,789 
12, 793 






1774 


66 
9 




1782 




1790 


a 25 i 

1 


1800 


30 
12 
14 
41 

30 


1810 




1820 


1830 

1840 





Year. 



1850 
1860 
1870 
1880 
1890 
1900 
1910 
1912 



Popula- 


Per cent 


tion. 


increase. 


13, 555 


59 


29, 152 


115 


37, 743 


26 


42,551 


12 


53,230 


25 


79, 850 


50 


98,915 


23 


& 106,000 


7 



Per cent 
decrease. 



o East Hartford was set off from Hartford in 1783. 

6 Population for 1912 estimated. Connecticut State Register and Manual, 1912, p. 404. 

The principal industries are the manufacture of bicycles, blower 
systems, coil pipes, drop forgings, envelopes, fine tools, firearms, 
harnesses, knit goods, leather belting, machinery, metal castings, 
motor carriages, nails, organs, pins, plumbers' suppUes, railroad 
equipment, rubber automobile tires, screws, silverware, typewriters, 
woven-wire m.attresses, and printing and binding. 

TOPOGEAPHY. 

Hartford Ues in the middle of Connecticut River valley, about 
midway between the Talcott Range on the west and the highlands 
on the east. The flood plain of Connecticut River occupies the 
northeast and southeast corners of the town, but elsewhere the topog- 
raphy is moderately hilly, in the south owing to outcrops of trap and, 
in the north, to drift and sandstone ridges. The average relief is 
about 50 feet. About one-sixth of the town is more than 100 feet 
above sea level and about one-third is less than 20 feet. The highest 
elevation — 285 feet — is on Cedar Hill, which extends a short distance 
into the town from the south. (See PI. IX, in pocket.) 

A small part of the drainage reaches Connecticut River directly, 
but most of it is carried by Park River, which is formed by the union 
of Hog River and South Fork just west of the center of the town, 
the former occupying the north haK and the latter the south half of 
a valley lying along the west boundary (PI. IX). These streams 
are small, discharging at times not more than 0.5 second-foot. 



WATEE-BEARING FOEMATIONS. 



Bedrock. — The bedrocks underlying Hartford are Triassic sandstones 
and shales interbedded with trap rocks (PL VII). They come to the 
surface in only a few places in the city but generally lie only a short 



48 GROUND WATER IN THE HARTFORD AND OTHER AREAS^ CONN. 

distance below. The trap rocks occur in tlii'ee sheets, designated the 
lower, middle, and upper sheets. The middle sheet outcrops in Cedar 
Hill and the upper sheet outcrops along a line extending southward 
from Trinity College, but the lower sheet does not appear at the sur- 
face in Hartford. Sandstone is exposed in the bed of Park River 
and at other places in the town. From Connecticut River to the 
center of the city, a distance of about a mile, the rock surface rises 
nearly 100 feet, and the maximum rehef of this buried surface 
^\athin the hmits of the town is about 360 feet, the lowest elevation 
being about 75 feet below sea level and the liighest 285 feet above 
sea level. 

Both the sandstones and the trap rocks are extensively fractured, 
and many of the cracks or ''seams'' contain water. 

Till. — The higher Mils in Hartford, such as Cedar Hill and the 
ridge marking the outcrop of the upper trap sheet, are covered with 
till, consisting of mixtures of sand, gravel, and bowlders, and a small^ 
amount of clay or rock powder. In general the till exceeds 10 feet 
in thickness only in a few rock depressions and on the east slope 'of 
Cedar HiU, where in some places its tliickness is 20 feet or more. 
It is therefore unimportant as a water-bearing formation, although 
small quantities for domestic use might be obtained in the deeper 
deposits in outlying parts of the town. 

Stratified drift. — Most of the material covering the rock in Hartford 
consists of stratified deposits of sand, clay, and gravel. (See PI. IX.) 
The clays, which constitute the principal part of these deposits, occur 
in beds 20 to 100 feet thick along the valleys of South Fork, Hog 
River, and Park River, and in a belt about a mile wide along Con- 
necticut River. The clays are regarded as having a high commercial 
value and are used for the manufacture of brick in the southwestern 
and in the northern parts of the city. West of the clay deposits the 
rock is covered principally with sand containing lenses of clay, 
ranging in thickness, according to the contour of the rock floor, from 
a mere film to 30 or 40 feet. The occurrence of ground water in areas 
of stratified deposits is discussed on page 15. 

Alluvium. — Near the middle of the eastern boundary of Hartford 
Connecticut River closely approaches the rock wall, but north and 
south of this place the channel swings to the east and the rock valley 
is filled with drift and alluvium. In a number of test borings made 
through the valley fill near the northeast corner of the city by the 
Hartford water department, samples of the rock penetrated were 
taken at intervals of 5 feet, from wliich the following log was 
compiled. The first 35 feet of this section is alluvium, the under- 
lying 40 feet of clay is believed to be a lacustrine deposit, and the 
last 5 feet is probably till. 



HAKTFOED. 49 

Log of test ivells near northeast corner of Hartford. 

Depth in feet. 

Fine silt, chiefly sand; some clay -with very fine flakes of mica 5 

Same as above but larger percentage of clay 10 

Same, except larger percentage of sand 15 

Do 20 

Do 25 

Do 30 

One-half sand and one-half reddish clay; sand is about 30 per cent 

mica - 35 

Clay, reddish color 40 

Do 45 

Do 50 

Do 65 

Do 70 

Do 75 

Do 80 

One-half reddish clay and one-half sand with a little mica 85 

Very fine grained red sand (sandstone powder) 86 

SURFACE-WATER SUPPLIES. 

The surface waters in Hartford are not used for public supplies, 
principally because tbey are bigbly polluted. The only water avail- 
able in considerable quantity is that of Connecticut River. Since 
1867 this water has been used by the public system on only a few 
occasions when, as a result of drought, the quantity in the reservoir 
became inadequate. The last of these occasions was in the summer 
.of 1900, when the water was distributed without filtration or germi- 
cidal treatment through certain sections of the city and a noticeable 
increase in sickness was attributed to its use. The reports of 
Dr. John L. Leal and James A. Newlands,^ however, indicate that 
with proper germicidal treatment water of Connecticut River could 
be rendered suitable for municipal use in emergency. 

The experiments made in this connection showed that when 
bleaching powder sufficient to furnish 1 part per million of available 
chlorine was used the removal of bacteria was always greater than 99.5 
per cent and the colon bacillus was not found in the treated water. 
The cost of thus treating water is less than a dollar per million gallons. 

GROUND- WATER SUPPLIES. 

Owing to the fact that the municipal system reaches all parts of 
the city, ground water is little used in Hartford. In the central 
part of the city several wells have been drilled, most of which are 
being used, and they yield 8 to 102 gallons a minute and average 

1 Board of Water Commissioners, Hartford, Conn., Fifty-sixtti Ann. Rept. (year ending Mar. 1, 1910), 
pp. 33-42. 

97889°— wsp 374— IG i 



50 GROUND WATER IN THE HARTFORD AND OTHER AREAS^ CONN. 

47 gallons a minute. Considerable interference has been observed 
in these wells on account of their close proximity to each other. 
Five wells (Nos. 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 of PL IX, in pocket, and table on 
p. 51) were drilled about 75 feet apart at the offices of the Hartford 
Electric Light Co., but four of them have been abandoned because 
the combined yield was little more than the yield of the deepest 
one alone. The abandoned wells are respectively 200, 200, 201, and 
228 feet deep. Their yields as reported by the driller were 120, 150, 
150, and 200 gallons a minute, respectively. However, on their 
failure to deliver a combined yield of 100 gallons when in use the 
fifth well was drilled. This well is 620 feet deep and its yield is 100 
gallons a minute. The water is now brought to the surface by 
means of an air lift. When this well was completed the other wells 
were so reduced in yield that they were abandoned. 

A similar condition was observed in the wells of Long Bros, and 
Dillon & Douglass. The Long Bros, well was yielding 22 gallons 
a minute with the pump rods ending 153 feet below the surface 
until the Dillon & Douglass well, about 250 feet distant, was 
pumped, the pump cylinder being 235 feet below the surface. The 
yield of the Long Bros, well was thereupon reduced to only a few 
gallons a minute, but the original yield of 22 gallons was recovered 
by lowering the pump cylinder 38 feet. 

The water obtained by means of wells drilled into bedrock is drawn 
from fissures or seams, many of which are small. The supply in one 
of these fissures is therefore not large and not readily replenished 
when drawn upon. (See description of well at Hartford Sanatorium, 
p. 24.) When more than one well taps such a fissure a heavy 
pumping from one well reduces the yield of the others. 

The Hartford water department conducted a series of experiments 
with 2-inch driven weUs to ascertain the possibility of obtaining 
water to supplement the present system in emergencies. Eighteen 
wells were driven, some of them in a sand bar in the bed of 
Connecticut River just above the Highland division railroad bridge 
and some of them in Riverside Park in a swale about 150 feet west 
of the river. The depths ranged from 4.5 to 48.5 feet. Steam 
pumps were operated day and night for testing the flows. The best 
yields, amounting to about 45 gallons a minute, were obtained at 
depths of about 15 feet. 

The available information in regard to the drilled wells in Hartford 
is presented in the following table : 



HAKTFORD. 



51 



Drilled wells in Hartford. 



Map 
No. 


Owner, 


Elevation 

above sea 

level. 


Depth. 


Yield per 
minute. 


Depth 
to rock. 


1 


Keeny Park 


Feet. 

70 

50 

22.9 

24.9 

23 

21.4 

22 

20.7 

22.8 

21.6 

30 

18 

40 

50 

50 

35 

40 

40 

40 

40 

40 
130 
130 

55 
160? 


Feet. 
200 
125 

88 
86 

Between 

80 and 

90. 

400 
400 
205 


Gallons. 

42 

8 


Feet. 
40 


2 


Mrs. Louisa H. Sage 


30 


3 


Hartford water department test hole 


88 


4 


do 




86 


5 


do 






6 


do 




7 


. ..do 


Between 




. ..do 


' 80 and 


8 


102 
72 

68 




9 


..do 


90. 


10 


. ..do 




11 


^tna Brewing Co 


8 


12 


P. Barry & Sons, Hartford Cold Storage Co 


40 


13 


J. Pilgard 


5 


14 


Dillon & Douglass 




15 


Long Bros 








16 


Allyn House 


318 


50 


28 


17 


Hartford Electric Light Co 




18 


do 








19 


do 








20 


do 








21 


do 








22 


Eetreat farm 


180 

74 

251 

974 


20 
22 
(a) 


49 


23 


Jos. Dart 


58 


24 


Goodwin Park 


29 


25 


Hartford Sanatorium . 













a Well flowing. 
MUNICIPAL WATER SUPPLY. 

The Hartford water department was organized in 1853 and the 
first reservoir of the present system was built in 1867. Others have 
been added from time to time, the total now being six, which have 
a combined capacity of 2,043,000,000 gallons and drain an area of 
lOJ square miles along the crest of the Talcott Range (PL VIII). 
The water is dehvered by gravity. The mains also pass through 
West Hartford, supplying most of the homes in that town, and extend 
into Bloomfield and Wethersfield; altogether a population of about 
121,644 receives the water. The total consumption for the year 
ending March 1, 1912, was 2,938,615,000 gallons; the daily con- 
sumption per consumer was 68.1 gallons. The average daily con- 
sumption during the month of July, 1911, was 8,450,000 gallons and 
the average depletion of the reservoir, determined by gage readings, 
was 8,850,000 gallons. The difference, 400,000 gallons, was 
attributed to evaporation. 

The supply has become inadequate for the rapidly increasing 
population, and another reservoir, now being constructed on Nepaug 
River, is expected to increase the storage capacity of the system 
about 400 per cent, thus making it capable of serving a population 
of 400,000. The accompanying map (PI. VIII) shows the newly 
acquired catchment area and details of the works. 

QUALITY OF GROUND WATER. 

Analyses of the water from six drilled wells in Hartford indicate 
that much of the water from the bedrock is high in mineral content 
and very hard. The wide range of composition is well shown by 



52 GROUND WATER IN THE HARTFORD AND OTHER AREAS^ CONN. 

comparison of analyses 5 and 6, which represent, respectively, a soft 
water of low mineral content and a very hard water of high mineral 
content, especially high in sulphate. Analyses 2, 3, 4, and 6 rep- 
resent waters too strongly mineralized to be suitable for boiler use 
in their raw state and almost too strong for economical softening. 

Analyses of water from drilled wells in Hartford. 
[Parts per million; R. B. Dole, analyst.) 



Constituents. 



Dissolved solids at ISO" C 474 

Total hardness as CaCOs 332 

Silica (SiOe) 18 

Iron ( Fe) 30 

Calcium (Ca) 96 

Magnesiimi (Mg) 52 

Carbonate radicle (CO.O i .0 

Bicarbonate radicle (HCO3) 335 

Sulphate radicle (SO4) 24 

Chlorine (CI) 40 



916 
450 



,10 



157 
28 

136* 

486 

38 



1, 098 

570 

15 

1.3 

190 

29 

.0 

340 

351 

139 



1, 249 

545 

15 



,12 



196 

48 

252' 
422 
213 



.0 



57 
32 



.20 



.0 
31 
12 
2.3 



1,534 

850 

16 

286* 
57 

144* 

897 

20 



.5 



.0 



1. AVell of Mrs. Louisa H. Sage (PI. IX, No. 2), 125 feet deep; sam-ole collected June 17, 1915. 

2. Well of .Etna Brewing Co. (PI. IX, No. 11), 400 feet deep; sample collected Jime 17, 1915. 

3. Well of Hartford Cold Storage Co. (PL IX, No. 12), 400 feet deep; sample collected June 7, 1915. 

4. Well of Long Bros. (PL IX, No. 15), depth unknown; sample collected June 16, 1915. 

5. Well at Alh-n House (PL IX, No. 16), 318 feet deep; sample collected June 16, 1915. 

6. Well at Retreat farm (PL IX, No. 22), 180 feet deep; sample collected June 24, 1915. 

WEST HARTFORD 



POPULATION AND INDUSTRIES. 

West Hartford (PL IX) , in the central part of Hartford County, is 
reached by the Highland division of the New York, New Haven & 
Hartford Railroad, which has a station at Elmwood, and by electric 
railways from Hartford, Farmington, and Unionville. Post ofhces 
are mamtained at West Hartford and Elmwood, and outlying sec- 
tions of the town are covered to a large extent by rural free- 
delivery routes. The town comprises an area of 21 square miles. 
It was separated from Hartford and incorporated in 1854. 

The census of 1910 gave the population as 4,808, or an increase 
of 51 per cent over the population in 1900. The changes in popula- 
tion since 1860 are shown in the following table: 

Population of West Hartford, 1860-1910. 



Year. 



1860 
1870 

ISSO 



Popula- 
tion. 


Per cent 
increase. 


1,296 
1,533 

1,828 




18.7 
19 

1 



Year. 



1890 
1900 
1910 



Popular 
tion. 



Per cent 
increase. 



1,930 
3,186 

4,808 



6 
65 
51 



West Hartford is largely a residential town for Hartford business 
men. The principal industries are agriculture, in which dairying, 
tobacco growing, and market gardening are specialties; cultivation 
of flowers under glass; and manufacture of brick, motor coolers, and 
water heaters. From 10,000 to 12,000 tons of ice is stored annually 
for outside markets. 



U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 




Base drawn from U.S. Geological Survey 
topographic atlas sheets 



MAP SHOWING 




"^ A G /A W A M 



astGranby 
GtiANBY,' WmdsorLocte JfQTwkreho 




MAP SHOWING COLLECTING AREAS OF THE HARTFORD WATERWORKS. 



WEST HAETFOED. 53 

TOPOGRAPHY. 

The west boundary line lies along the crest of the Talcott Range 
and the highest altitude in the town is on this hne near its north end, 
where it reaches an elevation of a httle over 800 feet. The east slope 
of the range is moderately steep and the general level of the eastern 
part of the town is reached within a distance of 2 miles from the west 
boundary. 

A second range of hills, much lower than those on the west border, 
extends through the middle of the town from north to south. These 
are sHghtly more than 100 feet in elevation and they are interrupted 
by several stream valleys. The lowest altitude is on the east bound- 
ary, where a branch of the South Fork crosses the line at an elevation 
of 35 feet above sea level. 

The drainage finds its way into Connecticut River through Park 
River. Neither of these streams passes through West Hartford, but 
Park River is formed by the junction of Noyes River, which hes 
wholly within the town, and Hog River and South Fork, which pass 
across the northeast and southeast corners, respectively. Trout 
Brook receives all the drainage from the west half of the town and 
enters Noyes River about 1 mile north of West Hartford Center. 
The drainage of the east haK is divided among Noyes River, South 
Fork, and Hog River. Noyes River joins South Fork in the south- 
east corner of the town. 

WATER-BEAEING FORMATIONS. 

Bedrocks. — The indm'ated rocks consist of Triassic sandstones and 
trap sheets. The three trap sheets are separated by beds of sand- 
stone, and dip eastward 10° to 15° at a fairly uniform rate. The 
trap rocks are more resistant than the sandstones and their outcrops 
are expressed in the topography by ranges of hills. Talcott Moun- 
tains consist of one outcrop of the lowest trap sheet and a repeated 
outcrop of the middle or main sheet. The upper sheet appears in 
the range of low hills extending through the middle of the town. 

The trap rocks are exposed very generally in the hills in the west 
part of the town, but the sandstone is almost everywhere covered by 
drift. It appears in a small exposure in a creek bed just north of 
Elmwood, and is said to have been quarried at one time in the south- 
west comer of the town. Both the sandstones and the trap rocks 
contain numerous cracks which hold small quantities of water, as 
explained on pages 20 and 22. 

TiU. — Except for smaU areas of bare rocks in the ranges of hills, 
the rock throughout the town is covered with glacial drift, its maxi- 
mum thickness being about 110 feet. Although the topography here 
is in general an expression of the bedrock contour and hills usually 
indicate a thinning of the drift in their vicinity, yet some of the 
prominent hiUs consist entirely of drift. A well sunk at the liighest 



54 GROUND WATER IN THE HARTFORD AND OTHER AREAS^ CONN. 

point on a hill in the northwest corner of the town at an elevation of 
400 feet had not passed thi'ough the drift on reacliing a depth of 85 
feet. 

Till, which is a mixture of clay, sand, gravel, and bowlders, covers 
the rock throughout the highest portions of the town, being prevalent 
at all elevations above 200 feet. The lower part of the till is gen- 
erall}" saturated with water and constitutes the source of supply of 
many private wells. 

Stratified drift. — East of the mountains, at elevations of less than 
about 200 feet above sea level, the surface deposits consist chiefly of 
lake beds and beach gravels. Between the mountains and the lon- 
gitude of West Hartford Center the deposits consist chiefly of gravels, 
and from West Hartford Center eastward to the town line they are 
chiefly sands. The clay beds, which were formed in the center of 
the original lake basin, extend up the valley of South Fork into the 
southeast corner of the town. The gravel beds are generally too thin 
to be important as sources of ground water, and the clays are too 
fine grained to give satisfactory yields. The most favorable condi- 
tions for ground-water supplies in this town are afforded by the sandy 
deposits in the central and northeastern parts, where moderate quan- 
tities of water can generally be obtained by means of dug or driven 
weUs. 

SURFACE-WATER SUPPLIES. 

The mountain streams in West Hartford are utilized in the public 
water supply of the city of Hartford. The streams on the lowlands 
are too smaU and sluggish to be useful for power development or 
public supplies. 

All the streams on the lowlands, with the possible exception of 
Trout Creek, are badly polluted. Hog River, before it reaches Hart- 
ford, receives sewage from Bloomfield; South Fork receives sewage 
from Newington; and Noyes River receives most of the sewage from 
West Hartford. 

GROUND- WATER SUPPLIES. 

Bug wells. — Forty-five dug wells, 27 feet in average depth, were 
examined in West Hartford. Four of them are known to penetrate 
the rock to depths of 2 to 12 feet; two were said to just reach rock, 
and the rest end in drift, most of them in stratified drift. ISTone of 
the weUs that enter rock has failed, but one of the two that touch 
rock fails every summer. Most of the roads in West Hartford follow 
the tops of ridges and the houses are grouped along the roads. Con- 
sequently most weUs are sunk in ridges where the water is farther 
below the surface than at the foot of slopes. Furthermore, there is evi- 
dence that in some localities the water table has become lower during 
the last 25 years, so that wells which formerly passed below the lowest 
position of the water table are now within the zone of fluctuation. 



WEST HAKTFOJ?D. 55 

Some of these wells could be restored to their original efficiency by 
cleaning, an operation which seems to liave decreased in popularity 
about as rapidly as the prospects for the extension of the municipal 
system have increased. WeUs, especially those which are dug in 
sand, need cleaning about once a year; otherwise the infiltration of 
sand reduces the capacity to such an extent that the wells fail, first 
in dry seasons, and finally in all except very wet seasons. 

Springs. — East of the outcrop of the upper trap sheet the rock 
troughs are not well defined at the surface and knowledge of the rock 
topography is unsatisfactory. Springs are common along the streams 
and many of them are perennial, indicating the presence of contin- 
uous supplies near by. A spring about three-eighths of a mile west 
and a little north of Elmwood, on the Beach farm, yields nearly 20 
gallons a minute, or 30,000 gallons a day, of which about 9,000 gal- 
lons a day is used. The equipment includes a concrete reservoir and 
pumping plant. The spring is about one-fourth mile east of the 
outcrop of the upper trap sheet and near the base of the ridge pro- 
duced by it. The surrounding slopes appear to be inadequate to 
afford so large a supply continuously, and it is probable, therefore, 
that the water delivered by this spring finds its way from the basin 
west of the ridge through a fissure in the trap. The spring is about 
50 feet lower than the bottom of the basin west of the ridge. Other 
springs in this vicinity yield much less water, fluctuate in harmony 
with the rainfall, and doubtless get their supplies from the slopes on 
which they are situated. 

Drilled wells. — Drilled wells, affording 2 to 20 gallons a minute, 
have proved satisfactory for domestic use in West Hartford. Of the 
15 weUs examined, 13 obtain their water from sandstone; one does 
not reach rock, but gets its water from a bed of tiU; and one ends in 
and draws its supply from trap. These wells are distributed over the 
entire town; some of them are on the trap hills, some of them in the 
sandstone troughs, and others in deep di^ift. Among them every 
geologic condition in West Hartford is encountered and their general 
success indicates that water may be obtained anjAvhere in the to^^m. 
No very large quantities have been obtained in the traps. The weUs 
which penetrate these rocks generally furnish less than 5 gallons a 
minute, unless they enter the sandstone, but for ordinary domestic 
needs 2 gallons a minute is ample, and for other pm'poses there is no 
reason to expect drilled wcUs to be successful. The largest yield yet 
obtained from trap rocks is 20 gallons a minute, which is by no 
means a large yield for an industrial or municipal supply. Moreover, 
this yield is obtained at a depth of 343 feet, which is about as deep 
as it is ordinarily feasible to drill, since at lower depths water-bearing 
fissures are less numerous and generally smaller. 



56 GROUND WATER IN THE HARTFORD AND OTHER AREAS^ CONN. 

Increase in use of ground water in West Hartford has been at least 
temporarily arrested by the extension of the Hartford water system, 
many of the citizens expecting city water to become more generally 
available and therefore hesitating to invest in well drilling. 

SUGGESTED DEVELOPMENTS. 

A rock trough lies between the outcrops of the two upper trap 
sheets and is especially well defined in the south half of the town, 
where it contains a small stream fed by a number of springs, some of 
which yield more than 10 gallons a minute (PI. IX, in pocket). There 
are no wells in this basin, and its exact depth and water content are not 
determined. Several smaller troughs lie along the foot of the Talcott 
Range, all of which contam springs but no wells, as the weUs are dug 
near the roads, which as a rule foUow the tops' of the ridges in this 
part of the to^\ii. In the largest basins the permanence of brooks 
and sprmgs and the frequent marshy character of the ground indicate 
a thorough saturation of the mantle durmg most of the year, and the 
conditions indicate that the water table descends only a few feet 
below the surface even in the driest periods. WeUs sunk in these 
places might be expected to afford sufficient water for domestic needs. 
At present the habitations are so distributed that the use of weUs in 
this basin for domestic supplies would, as a rule, necessitate convey- 
ing the water considerable distances, and involve expenditures 
closely approaching the cost of drilled wells (p. 39). 

In many localities, especially along the foot of the Talcott Range, 
the water for private use can best be obtained from springs. Springs 
so situated that the water may be delivered to buildings by gravity 
usually afford very economical supplies and are to be preferred to 
weUs. Driven weUs are recommended in areas of sand and gravel 
deposits (PL IX) because of their high efficiency and low cost, and 
where more water is required than may be obtained from a single 
well of this type, a gang of points connected at the surface to a com- 
mon main may produce the required quantity. Driven weUs are 
not likely to be satisfactory in localities where the water table is 
maintained at a low level by underground drainage; therefore care 
should be taken to determine as nearly as practicable the relation of 
the water table to the surface of the ground at the point where it is 
proposed to drive the well. The entire zone of fluctuation should 
lie within the suction limit — about 30 feet — otherwise points can be 
used only in combination with dug weUs so that the pump cylinder 
may be lowered below the surface. In areas covered by tiU (PI. IX) 
a sanitary dug well (p. 43) is best for moderate domestic use. Sup- 
phes from these sources are generally of good quality and adequate 
for domestic needs. Where the drift is so thin that water is not 
available throughout the year and where more water is required than 
may be obtained from dug wells, drilled wells may produce adequate 



WEST HARTFORD. 



57 



quantities (p. 20). But drilled wells also furnish moderate sup- 
plies of good water in areas of stratified drift, and they are generally 
esteemed for their sanitary character. 

Under an agreement with the city of Hartford the sections of West 
Hartford which petition for the privilege may obtain city water. 
At present families living along the main aqueduct are so supplied 
and many other parts of the town are reached by branch lines, the 
eastern haK of the town being especially well" supplied in this way. 
(See p. 51.) In sections not reached by the Hartford mains, water 
is obtained from private wells. 



RECORDS OF WELLS AND SPRINGS. 



The available information concerning the wells and springs of West 
Hartford is presented in the following tables : 

Dug wells in West Hartford. 



Map 
No. 


Owner. 


Topo- 
graphic 
position. 


Elevation 

above 
sea level. 


Depth. 


Depth 

to 
water. 


Elevation 
of water 

table 
above sea. 


Yield 

per 

minute. 


Amount 

used 
per day. 


Depth, 
to rock. 


4 


Oulaudt 


Slope.... 
Slope.... 
Slope.... 
Plain.... 
Plain.... 

Hill 

Hill 

Plain.... 

Hill 

Slope — 

Flat 

Slope.--. 
Slope... - 

Hill 

Slope.... 
Slope. -.- 

Hill 

Slope 

Flat 

Hill 

Slope.... 

Hill 

Hill 

Slope — 
Valley-. 

Slope 

Slope-... 

Slope 

Slope 

Plain.... 
Plain.... 
Slope.... 
Slope..-. 
Slope.... 

Hill 

Flat 

Slope.... 

Hill 

Hill 

Hill 

Hill 

Slope 

Hill 

Hill 

Hill 

Hill 

Slope... - 


Feet. 
180 
185 
165 
150 
150 
160 
164 
130 
140 
160 
140 
140 
150 
125 
155 
155 
160 
130 
100 
128 
125 
130 
130 
200 
180 
200 
250 
160 
185 
178 
170 
180 
280 
185 
200 
180 
110 
160 
170 
175 
180 
185 
145 
140 
145 
130 
120 


Feet. 
30 
20 
14 
30 
15 
22 
19 
16 
30 
40 


Feet. 
28 
16 
11 
10 
10 
IS 
15 

15.8 
25 
37 


Feet. 
152 
169 
154 
140 
140 
142 
149 
114.2 
115 
123 
95 


Gallons. 


Gallons. 


Feet. 


g 






5 





9 








10 




4 
4 




11 








15 




40 
200 




16 








20 


John C. Delaney... 
F. Larenson 




16 


22 








24 








25 




3 


35 




28 




30 

30 

30 

28 

30 

16 

20 

12 

26 

25 

17 

20 

30 

30 

25 

45 

12 

35 

40 

27 

25 

30 

30 

33.5 

15 

30 

18 

40 

21 

30 

25 

25 

25 

23 

25 

20 






29 


Henry farm 


8 


142 








31 








32 


Mansfield 


25 
10 
13 
16 
5.5 
23 
18.5 
14 
14 
26 
27 
13 
42.5 


130 
145 
147 
114 
94.5 
105 
106. 5 
116 
116 
174 
153 
167 
207.5 


a5 






33 








35 


Hall . - .. 




10 




36 


do . .. 






38 


Griswold . - . 








39 


do. 






15 






40 


Woodford 






41 








42 








43 


M. A. Goodwin 




2,400 
10 
95 




46 


{a) 

4 
(a) 
10.5 

a. 2 




47 


Finneran 


25 


48 


C.E.Carlson 


45 


50 


320 

20 





20 




51 




32 
30 


153 
148 




52 


Flint 




53 


Mrs. Foot 




20 


54 




22 


158 


8 
5 
(a) 
(a) 
(«) 
(a) 




55 






56 












57 


Newton 


31.5 
12 


168.5 
168 






60 


do 






62 








63 


Beach farm 

do 


14 


146 





16 


6,'i 






66 




17.5 
25 


157.5 
155 








70 


Millard 


.3 

.05 





20 


71 






73 




17 

20 


128 
120 


10 




74 






76 


F.Steele 






12 


77 


Walbrid^e 


20 
14 


110 

106 


.08 


10 

560 




78 















a Well goes dry. 



58 GROUND WATER IN THE HARTFORD AND OTHER AREAS, CONN. 

Drilled wells in West Hartford. 



Map 
No. 


Owner. 


Eleva- 
tion 

above 
sea 

level. 


Depth. 


Yield 

per 

minute. 


Amount 

used 
per day. 


Depth 

to 
rock. 


Drilled 

in 
year— 


Cost. 


Section. 


1 

?. 


T. Slocum 

Morgan Braynard 

W.B.Miller 

Creamery 


Feet. 
400 
450 

195 

190 
150 
165 
155 
165 
170 
160 
130 
120 

130 
165 

175 

145 

90 

85 


Feet. 
83 
.265 

168 

60 

52 
110 
136 
108 
113 
240 
100 
118.5 

50 
67 

175 

343 

197 
90 


Galls. 

5 

15 

6 

3 

12 

3 

"'"'4."2" 

10 

6 

15 

15 

3 
15 

45 
20 


Galls. 

60 

800 


Feet. 

(«) 
107 

44.5 

34 
31.8 

47 


1910 


$181.00 


Hardpan. 
Hardpan; s a n d - 

stone. 
Gravel; hardpan; 

red trap. 


3 


1910 


420.00 


5 




1? 


Schoolhouse 

Arthur Allen 

Judd 




1910 
1911 


120.00 
275. 00 


Red sandstone. 


13 
14 


600 

600 

800 

1,160 

50 


Sandstone. 


17 

IS 


Joseph Apter 

James Miller 

M. F. Greene 

St. Mary's Home. 
M. F. Schwerts- 
feder. 

C.W.Hall 

W. J. McCartney. 

A. G. Woolev 

Frank Steele 

Coil Pipe Co 


50 

70 

65.8 

25 

50 

16 
(?) 

10 
30 
05 


1911 


270.00 


Do. 


19 
24a 


1909 


313.50 




26 
37 


120 


1907 

1911 
1904 

1900 
1906 
1899 


300.00 

125.00 
142.80 

'769.'66' 
485.00 




61 




Sana, clav, red 


69 
75 
79 


50 
80 


sandstone, shale. 


80 

























a No rock. 
Springs in West Hartford. 



Map 
No. 


Owner. 


Elevation 

above 
sea level. 


Yield 

per 

minute. 


Amount 

used 
per day. 


Improvements. 


6 




Feet. 
210 
210 
90 
105 
110 
115 

120 
220 
280 
250 

135 

175 
130 
180 
110 

118 


Gallons. 
10 
10 
6 
4 
6 
2 


Gallons. 




7 






1-inch pipe. 


21 






23 


F. Larenson 






27 


Henry farm 






30 


Mansfield , , . 




Pumped to bam 


34 






by wind. 
Windmill. 


44 


M. A. Goodwin 


2 
2 
9 

10 



1,200 




4.^1 


Bannon 


Piped. 


49 


M. F. Schwatlow 


Three-fourths inch 


58 






pipe. 
Tile, 24 inches by 
3 feet. 


5<) 




2,400 


64 




.5 




67 


Beach farm 


9,000 
12, 000 




68 


do 


20 
1 


Pipe, 2 inches by 8 


72 




feet. 











QUALITY OF GROUND WATER. 

The analyses in the following table indicate the composition of the 
water of three wells drilled into the rock at West Hartford. All are 
hard waters and those represented by analyses 2 and 3 are high in 
sulphate. According to tests ^ made by the Connecticut State Board 
of Health in 1898 the water from the well at Elmwood School (depth 
not given) contains 359 parts of total solids and has a total hardness 
of 125 parts per million, and that from the well at the South Kinder- 

1 Connecticut State Board of Health Kept, for 1898, pp. 292, 295. 



ITEWINGTON. 



59 



garten (depth not given) contains 166 parts of total solids and has a 
total hardness of 80 parts per million. 

Analyses of water frovfi drilled wells in West Hartford. 
[Parts per million; R. B. Dole, analyst.] 



Constituents. 



Dissolved solids at 180° C. . . 
Total hardness as CaCOi . . . 

Silica(Si02) 

Iron (Fe) 

Calcium (Ca) 

Magnesium (Mg) 

Carbonate radicle (CO3) 

Bicarbonate radicle (HCO3) . 

Sulphate radicle (SO4) 

Chlorine (CI) 



253 
142 



10 



136 
12 
14 



500 

208 



1.1 

54 

25 

6.4 

156 

220 

3.8 



,20 



630 

210 

18 

81' 
34 

.0 
172 
305 
3.7 



1. Well of H. C. Long; sample collected June 16, 1915. 

2. Well of M. F. Schwertsfeder (PL IX, No. 26), 118.5 feet deep; sample collected June 24, 1915. 

3. Well east of Whitlock Pipe Factory (PL IX, No. 80), 90 feet deep; sample collected June 17, 1915. 

NEWINGTON. 
POPULATION AND INDUSTRIES. 

Newington is in the central part of Connecticut m. Hartford County. 
It is reached by the Shore Line division of the New York, New Haven 
& Hartford K-ailroad (station Newington), by the Highland division 
of the same road (stations Newington and Clayton), and by electric 
railway from Hartford and New Britain. Post offices are maintained 
at Newington and Newington Junction, and mail is delivered by 
rural free delivery from New Britain. Newington was taken from 
Wethersfield and incorporated July 10, 1871. The area of the town 
is 14 square miles. 

The population of Newington in 1910 was 1,689. The population 
from 1880 to 1910 is shown in the following table: 

Population of Newington, ISSO to 1910. 



Year. 


Popula- 
tion. 


Per cent 
increase. 


1880 


934 

953 

1,041 

1,689 




1890 . ... 


2 


1900 


9 


1910 


62 







The principal industry is agriculture. 

TOPOGRAPHY. 

The surface of Newington is in general flat and stands at an average 
elevation of about 100 feet. Cedar Mountain extends alons; the 
entire east border, reaching elevations of 350 feet in many places. 
The highest elevation is about 375 feet, near the northeast corner of 
the town. (See PL IX, in pocket.) 



60 GROUND WATER IN THE HARTFORD AND OTHER AREAS, CONN. 

The principal stream in Newington is the South Fork of Park River, 
which, with its branches, drains practically the entire town. Two small 
tributaries of Mattabesset River rise in the extreme southeastern 
corner of the town and drain a small area, most of which is swampy. 
The general direction of the drainage is northward. All the streams 
are small, and their average fall is about 10 feet to the mile. 

WATER-BEARING FORMATIONS. 

Bedrocks. — The indurated rocks in Newington consist of Triassic 
sandstones and shales, and trap. The trap is exposed in Cedar 
Mountain. West of Cedar Mountain the bedrocks are sandstones 
and shales. All the rocks exposed in the central part of the town are 
sandstone. Shale appears at the surface at several places along the 
western border. The forces which produced the displacements along 
the eastern border of the town caused also a general shattering of the 
rocks throughout the area, and cracks of various widths appear in all 
the rock exposures and extend from the surface to depths of several 
hundred feet. Because of these cracks the rocks constitute a reservoir 
for the storage of tmderground water and form the source of supply 
of drilled wells that end in bedrock (p. 20). 

Till. — Glacial till, a mixture of clay, sand, gravel, and bowlders 
covers the rock over the hills along the east border of the town and 
at many places in the central and western parts of the town. The till 
was deposited by the retreating ice sheet at the close of the glacial 
epoch. The most prominent characteristic of the till is the presence 
of large bowlders, and the distribution of the till is marked by the 
bowlders scattered over the ground or built into fences along the 
roads and through the fields. In some places the till is 30 or 40 feet 
thick, in other places it barely covers the rocks; its average thickness 
is about 15 feet. Till as a water-bearing formation is discussed on 
page 15. 

Stratified drift. — Deposits of stratified sand and gravel extend along 
South Fork River and its branches and constitute the most important 
water-bearing formations in Newington. Many wells have been 
drilled in the vicinity of Newington Junction and Newington Center 
to depths ranging from 75 feet to 125 feet before reaching bedrock. 
These deposits are continuous with similar deposits, partly of lacus- 
trine origin, found in Hartford and East Hartford and the towns 
northward. 

GROUND- WATER SUPPLIES. 

In Newington the depth of the water table below the surface of 
the ground, as determined by the measurement of 50 wells, ranges 
from 6 feet to 40 feet and averages 18 feet. The least fluctuation 
occurs in the areas of deep drift in the central portion of the town. 



NEWINGTON". 61 

Fifty-two dug wells, ranging in depth from 8 to 42 feet and averag- 
ing 20 feet, were examined in Newington. The yield of wells as 
determined by measurements of four wells ranges from less than 
one-fourth gallon to 7 gallons a minute, the average being about 2 
gallons. Thirteen of the wells examined are reported to go dry in 
periods of drought. Four of the wells penetrate rock but obtain 
their water from the overlying drift. The amount of water used, 
reported for 25 wells, ranges from 5 to 280 gallons a day and averages 
46 gallons. 

Thirteen of the drilled wells range m depth from 48 to 232 feet and 
average 116 feet; eight of these get their water in the bedrock. 
Their yields ranged from 4 gallons to 40 gallons a minute and averaged 
17 gallons. The quantity of water used, as reported for four wells, 
ranged from 7 gallons to 1,000 gallons a day and averaged 376 
gallons. 

Data were obtained concerning five springs used by private families. 
Two of them are said to yield a gallon a minute, and one furnishes 
8 gallons a minute. The quantities used from the five springs range 
from 10 to 2,400 gallons and average 517 gallons daily. 

The distribution of the different kinds of drift is indicated on Plate 
IX, and the types of wells adapted for use in drift are discussed on 
page 38. The most satisfactory supplies in Newington are obtained 
from drilled wells. In the sandy area west of Cedar Mountain ade- 
quate supplies for domestic use are obtained from drilled wells ending 
in gravel or coarse sand about 100 feet below the surface. The water 
in most of these wells will rise within 30 feet of the surface. 

PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY. 

A cooperative company consisting of 20 members, of which Fred 
Hubbard is president and Newton Osborne secretary, controls a small 
system which furnishes water to the members only. Water from a 
spring on Cedar Mountain is discharged into a smaU reservoir, from 
which it is led to Newington Center thi'ough a 2-inch main. Each 
member is entitled to as much water as he desires and no check 
is kept on the quantity. This company was organized more than 
30 years ago and the supply has been ample except during the 
droughts of the last three summers. The company has acquired a 
spring situated west of the foot of Cedar Moimtain from which, in 
emergencies, water is pumped by a gasoline engine to the reservoir 
on the mountain. 



62 GEOUND WATER IN THE HAETFOED AND OTHER AREAS, CONN. 
RECORDS OF WELLS AND SPRINGS. 

The available information concerning the wells and springs of 
Newington is presented in the following tables : 

Drilled wells in Newington. 



Map 
No. 


Q-vsTier. 


Eleva- 
tion 

above 
sea 

level. 


Depth. 


Yield 

per 

minute. 


Amount 

used 
per day. 


Depth 

to 
rock. 


Drilled 

in 
year— 


Cost. 


Section. 


1 




Feel. Feet. 


Gallons. 


Gallons. 


Feet. 








4 
10 


Mrs. Geo. P. 

Brimley 
Pimm 


135 
80 


100 

48 

124.5 

130.5 

106 
93 


6 

4 

18 

18 

18 
18 

18 

IS 


1,000 


G 
29 


1907 

1899 

1910 

1910 

1910 
1910 

1910 

1902 


.?388. 00 

248. 00 

2S9. 00 

240. 00 
198. 00 

169. 00 

318. 00 


Trap. 

Hardpan; brown 


13 


Geo Cooley 




sandstone. 
Clay; quicksand; 

gravel. 
Quicksand; sand; 


14 


John F. Bergman . 








15 


James Liquori 

Edward Goodale. 

Carl Oscar Daniel- 
son. 
Newton Osborne. 


100 
80 






gravel. 
Do. 


16 






Clay; quicksand; 

coarse sand. 
Quicksand; sand; 


17 






18 


95 159 




42 


gravel. 
Hardpan; brown 
sandstone. 


19 




21 
22 


W.H.Todd 


105 


. 100 


20 


70 


100 


1S99 


200. 00 


Water, top of rock. 


30 
39 


Mrs. H. M. Rob- 
bins. 
Frank Rowley . . . 

Chas. Luce 

Winter 


15S 

135 
150 
160 


91 

73.5 
165 

232 


8 

15 
25 
40 


160 


44 

31.5 

IS 

10 


1901 

1906 
1911 
1910 


180. 00 

145. 00 
368. 00 
437. 00 


Hardpan; brown 

sandstone. 
Red sandstone. 


66 
71 


160 


Brown sandstone 


73 




1 




183.5 feet: trap 32 
feet. 


74 








j 










i 




1 1 







Springs in Newington. 



Map 
No. 



Owner. 



Elevation 

above 
sea level. 



Yield 

per 

minute. 



Amount 

used 
per day. 



Improvements. 



3a Cutler, 
27 



37 
40 
41 
55 
62 
64 



S. Symolon. 
Churchill... 



Carlson 

E. a. Barnard. 



Fed. 
140 



Gallons. \ Gallons. 



100 



100 

100 

70 



10 
10 

2,400 
50 



Tile 2 by 7 feet. 
Reser\^oir 2 by 6 
feet. 



Barrel reservoir. 
Pumped by wind. 



NEWIITGTOlsr. 

Dug wells in Newington. 



63 



Map 
No. 


O-wTier. 


Topo- 
graphic 
position. 


Elevation 

above 
sea level. 


Depth. 


Depth 

to 
•water. 


Elevation 
of water 

table 
above sea. 


Yield 

per 

minute. 


Amount 

used 
per day. 


Depth 
to rock. 


9 




Slope 

Slope.... 
Slope.... 
Plain.... 
Plain.... 
Plain.... 
Slope.... 

Plain 

HiU 

Slope.... 
Plain.... 

Hill 

Hill 

Hill 

Slope.... 
Plain.... 
Plain.... 
Plain.... 

Plain.... 

Plain 

Hill 

Flat 

Flat 

Plain.... 
Slope.... 

Hill 

Plain.... 

Hill 

Hill 

Slope.... 
Slope.... 
Slope.... 

Flat 

Plain.... 

Flat 

Hill 

Flat 

Hill 

Slope 

Hill 

Hill 

Slope.... 

Slope 

Hill 

Flat 

Slope.... 
Plata.... 

Hill 

Hill 

Plain.... 
Plain.... 
Slope.... 


Feel. 

lis 
lis 

115 

90 

90 

90 

110 

SO 

140 

100 

105 

280 

280 

215 

195 

135 

150 

140 

130 
115 
125 
115 
100 
110 
128 
125 
135 
230 
240 
245 
175 
160 
130 
160 
146 
170 
150 
120 
115 
130 
150 
160 
150 
140 
130 
155 
155 
160 
150 
150 
130 
95 


Feet. 
24 
12 
30 
12.5 
16 
34 
16 
35 
18 
17 
18 
22 
17.5 
20 
8 
28.7 
33 
16 

15.5 

10 

26 

10 

11 

17 

14 

18 

27 

22 

24 

24 

32 

30 

12 

31 

11 

27 

10 

12 

15 

24 

42 

13 

19 

39.5 

24 

27 

32 

21 

40 

30 

19 

28 


Feet. 

20 

8 

26 

10 

12.5 
32.5 
13 
32 
15 
10 

15.5 
19 
14.5 


Feet. 

98 
110 

89 

80 

77.5 

57. 5 

97 

48 
125 

90 

89.5 
261 
265.5 


Gallons. 
(a) 
0.05 


Gallons. 
30 


Feet. 


3 


Cutler 




5 








6 










7 










8 




(a) 


10 
15 
50 




9 






11 








12 


Jeans 






20 








21a 










23 


Calahan 


.14 
(a) 
(a) 

.28 
(a) 




10 


24 


20 



25 

25 




25 


Blinma 


14 


26 


.do 


6 
27.7 


1S9 
107.3 




28 


Macnemay 

Miller 




29 




31 


Mrs. H. N. Rob- 
bins. 

Frank Stetzer 

Blair 


13 

12 

8 
12 

8 

7 

16 
12 
13 
25.5 
IS. 5 
22 
17 

27.5 
27 

9 
27 

8 
24 

6 

7 
12 
22 
40 
11.5 
14.5 
37.5 
22 
24 
23 
17 
30 
28 
12 
21 


127 

lis 

107 
113 
107 

93 

94 
116 
112 
109.5 
211.5 
218 
228 
147.5 
133 
123 
133 
138 
146 
144 
113 
103 
lOS 
110 
148.5 
135.5 
102.5 
108 
131 
132 
143 
120 
122 

lis 

74 





280 




32 






33 






34 




(a) 






35 


S. Symolon 


10 




36 






38 


Barrows 








42 




(a) 


60 




43 


Hall 




44 






8 
40 

5 
15 




45 






6 


46 




(a) 




47 






48 




7 




49 


A. F. Pipkin 

Chas. JockliQ 

E, R. Barnard 

... do 






50 


(a) 






51 


12 
240 
160 




52 






53 


Carl Landell 

JohnBentson 


(a) 




54 


10 


56 








57 










5^ 


John Youlinat 

August Eckert 




30 
10 
20 
30 





59 


(a) 




60 




61 








63 


E. R. Barnard 

U. Skomars 

Chas. Luce 






65 






67 









68 






69 


S.B.Bingquist 

J. A. Johnson 




8 
10 


10 
15 




70 






72 


(a) 




75 






76 

















a "Well goes dry. 



QUALITY OF GROUND WATER. 



Only one ground water from Newington was analyzed, and the 
results are given in the follomng table. This is a highly mineral- 
ized water, very hard, containing much sulphate. According to a test * 
made by the Connecticut State Board of Health in 1898 the well 
(depth not given) at Center School yields better water, as its content 
of total solids is 156 parts and its total hardness 86 parts per million. 



1 Connecticut State Board of Health Rept. for 1898, p. 291. 



64 GEOUND WATER IN THE HARTFORD AND OTHER AREAS^ CONN. 

Analysis of water from the drilled well of Joseph Belden {No. 81, PL IX), collected June 

17, 1915. 

[R. B. Dole, analyst.] 

Parts per 
million. 

Total solids at 180° C 1, 150 

Total hardness as CaCOg 580 

Silica (SiOs) 16 

Iron (Fe) Tr. 

Calcium (Ca) 187 

Magnesium (Mg) 67 

Carbonate radicle (CO3) Tr. 

Bicarbonate radicle (HCO3) 116 

Sulphate radicle (SO4) 705 

Chlorine (CI) 5.3 



WETHER SFEELD. 



POPULATION AND INDUSTRIES. 



Wethersfield, in the central part of the State in Hartford County, 
is reached by the Valley branch of the New York, New Haven & 
Hartford Railroad (stations at Wethersfield and South Wethersfield) 
and by electric railway from Hartford. There are post offices at 
Wethersfield and South Wethersfield. The town was settled in 1635 
and named in 1637. Its area is 14 square miles. 

The population of Wethersfield in 1910 was 3,148. The following 
table shows the population of the town from 1756 to 1910: 

Population of Wethersfield, 1756 to 1910. 



Year. 


Popula- 
tion. 


Per cent 
increase. 


Per cent 
decrease. 


1756 


2,483 
3,489 
3, 733 
3,806 
3,992 
3,901 
3,825 
3,853 




1 


1774 


40 
7 
2 
5 




1782 




1790 




1800 




1810 


1 
3 


1820 




1830 


1 







Year. 



1840 
1850 
1860 
1870 
1880 
1890 
1900 
1910 



Popula- 
tion. 


Per cent 
increase. 


3,824 
2,523 
2,705 
2,693 
2,173 
2,271 
2,637 
3,148 






7 




4 
16 
19 



Per cent 
decrease. 



1 
34 



19 



The principal industries are agriculture and the manufacture of 
tools and mattresses. Shoes are made at the State prison, which is 
situated here. 

TOPOGRAPHY. 

The land slopes from the top of Cedar Mountain on the west bor- 
der eastward to Connecticut River. The highest elevation on the 
west border is about 325 feet. The land along Connecticut River is 
less than 20 feet above sea level. Cedar Mountain is formed by an 
outcrop of Triassic trap brought into position by faulting. The 
rocks dip eastward and underlie Connecticut River at a depth of 
about 75 feet. In this part of its course the Connecticut meanders 
over a broad flood plain, of which about 4 square miles lies within 
the town of Wethersfield. 



WETHERSriELD. 65 

All the drainage in Wethersfield reaches the Connecticut through 
small brooks. In the south part of the town there are considerable 
areas of swamp land, but the north half is well drained. Goff Brook, 
which is the only named stream in the town, rises in a small lake in 
the southwest corner and enters the Connecticut near Rocky Hill. 

WATER-BEARING FORMATIONS. 

Bedrocks. — Triassic sandstones and shales underlie all of Wethers- 
field except the extreme western part, where the trap rock comes to 
the surface Owing to the great amount of faulting to which this 
region has been subjected, the rocks are intensely fractured and 
afford storage for ground water. The fracturing, however, is con- 
fined to the upper part of the rock zone, and therefore water can 
not be obtained at very great depths (p. 20). 

Till. — The higher elevations in Wethersfield are covered by till, a 
glacial deposit consisting of a mixture of clay, sand, gravel, and 
bowlders. The till is 30 to 40 feet thick in some places, but in many 
others barely covers the rock surface; its average thickness is about 
15 feet. (See PL IX, in pocket.) 

Stratified drift — The bedrock in the central part of the town is 
covered with a thin deposit of stratified drift consisting chiefly of 
sand. The stratified sands found in Wethersfield are parts of the 
lake deposits, which are more prominent to the north (p. 48). The 
occurrence of water in stratified drift is discussed on page 15. 

AUuviuin. — The surface of the flood plain is alluvium. The char- 
acter of the deposits underlying the alluvium has not been determined 
in Wethersfield, but they are doubtless similar to the deposits that 
occupy the same topographic position in Hartford (p. 48). 

GROUND- WATER SUPPLIES. 

Fifty dug weUs, ranging in depth from 9 to 33 feet and averagmg 
about 20 feet, were examined in Wethersfield. The average depth to 
water was 16 feet, the extremes being 1 foot and 27 feet. Nearly all 
of the wells in Wethersfield end in till. Four of those examined pene- 
trate rock and nine have recently failed. The daily consumption of 
water was reported for 22 wells, the average being 23 gallons. Driven 
points have been used to a small extent in Wethersfield, generally in 
combination with dug wells. Two of these wells were examined in 
which the points were driven to depths of 33 and 45 feet, respectively. 
From one of these 200 gallons per day is used. 

Ten drilled wells range in depth from 40 to 200 feet and average 
100 feet, and yield 3 to 60 gallons per minute. The daily consumption 
reported for eight wells ranged from 6 to 3,200 gallons, excluding one 
well which is not used, and averaged 475 gallons. 

Five springs yieldmg from one-half gallon to 1 gallon per minute were 
observed. All were gravity springs an d three of them were intermittent, 
97889°— wsp 374— 16 5 



66 GROUND WATER IN THE HARTFORD AND OTHER AREAS^ CONN. 

PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY. 

Wethersfield is supplied with water from the mains of the Hartford 
waterworks department (see p. 51), the service being metered and 
controlled by the Wethersfield fire district. 



RECORDS OF WELLS AND SPRINGS. 



Information concerning various important features of the wells and 
springs of Wethersfield is presented in the following tables: 

Dug wells in Wethersfield. 



Map 
No. 


Owner. - 


Topo- 
graphic 
position. 


Eleva- 
tion 
above 
sea level. 


Depth. 


Depth 

to 
water. 


Eleva- 
tion of 
water 

table 
above 

sea. 


Yield 

per 

nunute. 


Amount 

used per 

day. 


Depth to 
rock. 


2 


Mrs. Fois 


Slope. .. 
Plain... 
Slope. . . 
Plain... 
Plain... 

Hill 

Plain... 
Plain. .. 
Slope. . . 

Hill 

Slope. . . 

Hill 

Hill 

Slope. . . 
Slope. . . 

Flat 

Slope. . . 

Hill 

Hill 

Slope. . . 
Plain... 

Flat 

Flat 

Slope. . . 
Slope. . . 

Hill 

Hill 

Flat 

Slope. . . 

Hill 

Flat.... 
Slope... 
Plain... 

Hill 

Slope. . . 
Slope. . . 

Flat 

Flat 

Slope. . . 
Flat.... 
Plain... 
Slope. . . 
Plain... 
Slope. . . 
Plain... 
Plain... 
Plain... 
Flat.... 
Plain. .. 
Plain... 


Feet. 

145 

50 

60 

50 

60 

110 

85 

215 

225 

223 

205 

190 

190 

155 

135 

90 

120 

116 

150 

110 

107 

100 

100 

115 

130 

195 

210 

180 

217 

220 

208 

220 

200 

200 

155 

185 

182 

145 

110 

100 

175 

135 

125 

45 

40 

45 

45 

30 

32 

35 


Feet. 
23 
14.5 
22 
11 
11 
30 
11 
15 
23 
25 
29 
28 
21 
18 
14 
17 
16 
29 
17 
23 
9 
24 
13 
23 
22 
21 
22 
24 
25 
33 
10 
33 
27 
33 
30 
23 
15.5 
11 
24 
15 

23.5 
23 
14 
23 
25 
23 
22 
26 
15 
13.5 


Feet. 
20 
13 
13 
10 

8 
26 

7 
13 


Feet. 

125 
37 
47 
40 
52 
84 
78 

202 


Gallons. 


Gallons. 

3 


Feet. 


5 


Standly Viscus 

W. A. Leaver 




8 


6 




10 






11 




12 






12 


R. R. Duncan 

Goodrich.^ 


40 




14 






20 


3 

(a) 


4 




22 






23 


Cowles 


24.5 

24 

26 

20 

13 

12 

15 

12 

22 

14.5 

19.5 

6.5 
17 

9 
17 
20 
13 
20 
20 
21 
27 

8 
19 
26.8 


198.5 

81 
164 
170 
142 
123 

75 
108 

94 
135.5 

90.5 
100.5 

83 

91 

98 
110 
182 
190 
160 
196 
193 
200 
201 
174.2 




22.5 


24 


Michael Desmond. 

H.E.Wells 

C. W. Rhodes 

0. A. Raymond... 
George L. Wells. .. 
Clark 




30 




25 






26 


(a) 


15 

35 

120 

5 
15 
15 

5 
40 




29 




30 






32 






33 








35 








3fi 


d'Lx 






39 


John A. Isaacson. . 
do... . 






40 






41 


Antone Gassner. .. 
Eugene Grover 




10 
12 




42 


5 




43 




44 










45 


Churchill Bros 

C.E.Clark 

John Olson 

J. W. Thomas 

Mrs. Harris 

K. Kilby 








46 




10 




47 






48 


C) 






49 


15 
8 




50 






51 


H. W. Whaples... 
Henry Carter 






52 







26 


54 


(«) 


31 


55 




23 
20 
14 
10 

15.5 
14.5 
19 

22.5 
12.5 
10 

23.5 
10 
19 
1.5 
13 
11 


132 
165 
168 
135 
194.5 

85.5 
156 
112.5 
112.5 

35 

16.5 

35 

26 

28.5 

19 

24 






56 






6 


13 


57- 




(a) 
(a) 




58 









59 






60 






2 

75 

5 




61 


S. E. Wallbeoff.... 
E. J. Flannagan... 

Rev. Waters 

George Baxter 






62 


(a) 




63 




65 








66 








67 










68 




65 






69 






70 


R. G. Fox 


40 




71 

















a Well goes dry. 



WETHEKSFIELD. 

Drilled wells in Wethersfield. 



67 



Map 
No. 


0^vner. 


Eleva- 
tion 

above 
sea 

level. 


Depth. 


Yield 

per 

minute. 


Amoimt 

used 

3er 

day. 


Depth 

to 
rock. 


Drilled 
in 

year— 


Cost. 


Section. 


1 


A. Mannel 


Feet. 
150 

170 

170 

100 

78 
73 
195 
117 
24 
38 


Feet. 
44 

200 

116 

60 
56 
124 
135 
40 
117 
117 


Galls. 
10 

5 

25 


Galls. 
15 

30 




Feet. 
15 

21 

7 

10 


1908 

1907 

1909 

1896 
1909 
1911 
1910 
1907 
1905 
1909 


SIOO. 00 


251.00 

"iii'oo' 

248. 00 
530. 00 

'234.06 


Sand; hardpan; 


7 


Goodrich 


bro^^^l sandstone. 
Hardpan; brown 


9 


do 


sandstone. 
Hardpan; black 


13 


R.R. Wolcott 

A. G.Hubbard.... 
Frank Nowak ...'.. 

H.W.Wells 

F. A. Gr is wold 

John Turner 

J.C.Warner 


shale. 
Clay. Water flows. 


16 

18 
28 
34 
37 

■^8 


60 

3 

15 

Good. 


50 
8 

15 

3,200 

6 


None. 

62 

5 


Brown sandstone. 
Clav; gravel. 
Trap. 













Springs in Wethersfield. 



Map 
No. 



Owner. 



Eleva- 
tion 
above 

sea 
level. 



Yield 
per min- 
ute. 



Improvements. 



3 

4 

17 
19 
21 
27 
31 
53 



Side of road . 



Mrs. Wall work 

Edward A. Isaacson. 



Feet. 

135 
50 
76 

115 



Gallons. 
1 
1 



175 

95 

205 



Keg sunk. 
Hydraulic ram. 
Keg sunk. 
2 by 2 foot box. 



QUALITY OF GROUND WATER. 

An analysis of water from the 200-foot drilled well of Mrs. Goodrich 
(No. 7, PI. IX) is given in the accompanying table. It represents a 
moderately mineralized; fairly hard calcium carbonate or hmestone 
water. According to tests ^ made by the Connecticut State Board 
of Health the well at the high school (depth not given) yields a water 
containing 232 parts of total sohds and having a total hardness of 
120 parts per million, or water similar in composition to that from 
the Goodrich well, whereas the well water at the second district 
school contains 140 parts of total sohds and has a total hardness of 
60 parts per million. 



1 Coimecticut State Board of Health Kept, for 1898, pp. 294, 296, 



68 GEOUND WATEE IN THE HAETFOED AND OTHEE AEEAS^ CONN. 

Analysis of water from the 200-foot drilled ivell of Mrs. Goodrich (No. 7, PI. IX), collected 

June 17, 1915. 

[R. B. Dole, analyst.] 

Parts per 
million. 

Total solids at 180° C '..... 337 

Total hardness as CaCOg • 99 

Iron (Fe) 25 

Carbonate radicle (CO3) 5. 8 

Bicarbonate radicle (HCO3) 220 

Sulphate radicle (SO4) 41 

Chlorine (CI) -. 23 

EAST HARTFORD. 

POPULATION AND INDUSTKIES. 

East Hartford is in the central part of Connecticut, in Hartford 
County. It is reached by the Highland division of the New York, 
New Haven & Hartford Raikoad (stations at East Hartford and 
Burnside) and by the Springfield branch of the same road (stations at 
East Hartford and Burnhams) ; by electric railways from Hartford, 
Springfield, Glastonbury, Manchester, South Manchester, and Rock- 
ville. Post offices: Burnside, Hockanum, East Hartford, and Silver 
Lane. East Hartford was separated from Hartford and incorporated 
in October, 1783. The area of the town is 18 square miles. 

The census of 1910 reported the population as 8,138. The popula- 
tion from 1790 to 1910 is shown in the following table: 

Population of East Hartford, 1790 to 1910. 



Year. 



1790 
1800 
1810 
1820 
1830 
1840 
1850 



Popula- 
tion. 



3,016 
3,057 
3,240 
3,373 
2,237 
2,389 
2,497 



Per cent 
increase. 



Per cent 
decrease. 



33 



Year. 



1860, 
1870 
1880 
1890 
1900 
1910 



Popula- 


Per cent 


tion. 


increase. 


2,951 


18 


3,007 


2 


3,500 


16 


4, 455 


27 


6,406 


45 


8,138 


27 



Per cent 
decrease. 



The principal mdustries are agriculture (in which tobacco growing 
is a specialty) and the manufacture of paper. The repair shops of 
the Highland division of the New York, New Haven & Hartford 
Railroad are situated here. 



TOPOGRAPHY. 



The flood plain of Connecticut River is about half a mile wide. 
Its east edge is marked by an abrupt rise of 35 feet to the broad 
terrace that extends eastward about 2 miles to the low hills formed 



EAST HARTFORD. 69 

by the outcrop of bedrock along the eastern boundary of the town. 
More than half the town is less than 60 feet above sea level, and not 
over one-j&fth of it exceeds 100 feet. The highest elevation — 250 
feet — is in Laurel Park, just east of Burnside. 

Connecticut River receives all the drainage from East Hartford. 
Hockanum River, a tributary of the Connecticut, occupies a narrow 
valley through the middle of the town, and Boyles Brook and Pewter- 
pot Brook drain the remainder. All these streams are small and 
occupy narrow valleys which have been cut through the terrace. 

About one-fourth of the town is under cultivation, and about one- 
fourth, adjacent to the river, is flood plain; the remaining half is 
wooded. The terrace lands, constituting about two-thirds of the 
town, support valuable tobacco fields. 

WATER-BEARING FORMATIONS. 

Bedrock. — Triassic sandstones come to the surface along the east 
border of the town. The highest elevation of the rock surface is 
nearly 250 feet in Laurel Park, just east of Burnside. From this 
point it slopes downward m all directions but most rapidly west- 
ward to about 75 feet below sea level at Comiecticut River. The 
rock is coarse and conglomeratic, is intensely fractured, and owing to 
texture and structure it contains water which is recoverable by 
means of drilled wells (p. 20). (See PL IX.) 

Till. — Unstratified mixtures of clay, sand, gravel; and bowlders 
deposited by the last retreating glacier cover the bedrock on the hills 
in Laurel Park. Till is not present at the surface in East Hartford, 
where the elevation is less than 150 feet, but it forms a compara- 
tively thin layer between the rock surface and the overlying beds of 
stratified drift throughout the lower parts of the town. 

Stratijied drift. — The sediments deposited in the Comiecticut Val- 
ley were in large part assorted and the coarse materials were laid down 
along the sides and the fine clays in the center of the vaUey, with 
materials of medium grade, as sands and fine gravels, in intermediate 
positions. The zone of gravel deposits barely reaches into East 
Hartford and sections of gravel are exposed in only a few places in 
the southeast corner of the town and on the hillsides in Laurel Park. 
Sand, however, is the predominating surface material. It occurs 
generally over the terrace lands ranging in thickness from a few 
inches to 100 feet. The occurrence of water ill stratified deposits 
is discussed on page 15. 

Alluvium. — In the flood-plain belt along the river alluvium over- 
lies the stratified drift and in the northwest corner of the town it is 
about 40 feet thick. It consists prmcipally of fine reddish sand, 
with a large admixture of mica and some clay. Alluvium extends 
from the river to the edge of the terrace and follows up the vaUey of 
Hockanum River to the wall of the rock vaUev at Burnside. 



70 GROUND WATER IN THE HARTFORD AND OTHER AREAS, CONN. 

SURFACE-WATER SUPPLIES. 

The paper mills at Burnside use water power when it is available, 
but it is generally necessary to employ steam or electric power dur- 
ing the summer months. 

Hockanum River receives sewage from towns situated all along 
its course and large amounts of waste from textile and paper mills. 
The smaller streams are much polluted from the residential and 
rural sections of the town. 

GROUND- WATER SUPPLIES. 

Thirty-one shallow wells, ranging in depth from 8 to 28 feet, and 
averaging 16 feet, were measured in East Hartford. The depth from 
the surface of the ground to the surface of the water in these wells 
ranges from 2 to 23 feet, and averages 13 feet. The yield was deter- 
mined approximately in two wells and found to be 3 and 4 gallons a 
minute, respectively. The amount of water used from 12 of the wells 
was reported as ranging from 5 to 240 gallons a day, and averaging 
78 gallons. Five wells not included in this average are not used at 
all. Six of the wells examined fail during periods of drought. 

Measurements of 30 wells on the terrace indicate that the average 
depth of the water table is about 13 feet. On the flood plain the 
average depth to water is less than 5 feet, as is indicated by the 
presence of moisture at the surface throughout the greater part of 
the year. The fluctuation of the water table averages about 8 feet 
on the terrace, but on the flood plain it is about 2 feet, not including 
the distance to which water rises above the surface of the ground in 
times of flood. 

Eleven driUed wells, ranging in depth from 50 to 525 feet and 
averaging 173 feet, were examined in East Hartford (p. 71). Seven 
of the wells penetrate and draw their supphes from the sandstone. 
The yields of six wells range from 4 to 265 gallons a minute, and 
average 50 gaUons. The quantity of water used was reported for 
two wells as 159,000 gallons and 60 gallons a day, respectively. The 
cost of construction, as reported for five wells, ranged from $105 to 
$247.50, and averaged $180.50. 

A spring belonging to W. K. Ackley was reported to yield a gallon 
a minute. The water is pumped by wind to a 40-foot tank, and the 
consumption amounts to 240 gallons a day. The altitude of the 
spring is 22 feet above sea level. 

The deep deposits of sand forming the terrace store large quanti- 
ties of ground water. The general direction of the underflow is 
westward, and the amount of the fluctuation of the water table 
increases westward to the edge of the terrace. Conditions here are 
favorable for the construction and operation of driven wells, and 



EAST HARTFORD. 



71 



wells of this type are recommended to those who desire to obtain 
water supplies on the terrace. It is probable that supplies suffi- 
cient to form important additions to municipal systems are available 
by this means in this locaUty. 

PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY. 

East Hartford is a borough but is governed as a fire district and 
the water system is owned by the district. The water is obtained 
in the hills of Glastonbury from brooks that feed two reservoirs 
having capacities of 1,700,000 gallons and 1,500,000 gallons, respec- 
tively, and from these the water is distributed by gravity. The 
collecting basin comprises about 7 square miles, and is well protected 
against contamination. This system now supplies most of East 
Hartford and parts of Glastonbury and South Windsor, or a total 
population of about 8,000. The daily consumption is about 1,100,000 
gallons, or 137 gallons per capita. This supply has been adequate 
and of excellent quality, but owing to the rapidly growing population 
and the increasing demand for water the district is prepared to 
enlarge the supply by the acquisition of other brooks in Glastonbury. 

RECORDS OF WELLS. 



Information concerning the wells of East Hartford is given in the 

Dug wells in East Hartford. 



following table 



Map 
No. 


Owner. 


Topo- 
graphic 
position. 


Elevation 

above sea 

level. 


Depth. 


Depth 
to 

water. 


Elevation 
of water 

table 
above sea. 


Yield 
per 
min- 
ute. 


Amount 

used per 

day. 


1 




Plain 

Slope 

Flat 

Hill 

Slope 

Flat 

Slope 

Hill 

Hill 

Flat 

Flat 

Flat 

Flat 

Plain 

Slope 

Plain 

Flat 

Hill 

Hill 

Flat 

Slope 

Hill 

Hill 

Plain, 

Plain 

Plain 

Plain 

Plain 


Feet. 

45 

40 

40 

45 

100 

115 

130 

170 

ISO 

100 

160 

145 

140 

130 

115 

107 

90 

100 

110 

60 

90 

105 

110 

65 

75 

65 

65 


Feet. 
12 
11 
14 
10 
23 
20 
18 
25 
23 
16 
10 
10 
11 
15 

19.5 
17 
19 
14 
13 
12 

8 

17.5 
28 
27 
12 

8 
14 


Feet. 

9 

8 
12 

6.5 
20 
15 
14 
22 
21 
14 

8 

8 

9 
14 
17 
13 

16.5 
12 

10.5 
10 

7 

15 
25 


Feet. 

36 

32 

28 

38.5 

80 
100 
116 
148 
159 

86 
152 
137 
131 
116 

98 

94 

83.5 

88 

99.5 

50 

83 

90 

85 


Gallons. 

(a) 


Gallons. 



2 


Ruff 





3 


S. E. Roberts 

C. F.Roberts 




4 
5 


3' 

4 



80 


6 

... 

8 


Edward Rouff 

Mary S. Hurlburt 

Mulchv 



100 
160 


9 


Schoolliouse 




10 








11 


R. L. HofTman 

U. S. Bailey 






12 


(a) 


5 


13 


Teat 


120 


14 






16 


Hart 


120 


17 


Lange 




19 


J. V.Ran 






21 


Charles Ott 




25 


25 






30 






15 


31 
32 


Frederick Hayes 

C. H. Stump 


6 
50 


33 


E.A.Williams 




34 


(a) 

'"(aj" 
(a) 


240 


35 

3fi 


Hyram Colbum 

H. L. Cowles 


10 
6 
13.5 


65 
59 
41.5 


20 


37 


Andy Bi Iwell 




38 




39 


L. Burnham 


Slope 

Slope 

nm 


30 

SO 

100 


16.5 
10 

22 


15 

6 

21 


15 
74 
79 






41 


Hamilton Forbes 






42 














o Well goes drj' 



72 GROUND WATER IN THE HARTFORD AND OTHER AREAS, CONN. 

Drilled wells in East Hartford. 



Map 
No, 


Owner. 


Elevation 

above soa 

level. 


Depth. 


Yield per 
minute. 


Amoimt 

used per 

day. 


Depth to 
rock. 


Drilled 

in 
year— 


Cost. 


15 


Herbert Kennedy 


Feet. 

120 

120 

110 

120 

125 

120 

150 

65 

65 

50 

38 
38 


Feet. 
88 
150 
125 
75 
71 
82 


Gallons. 
8 


Gallons. 
60 


Feet, 
a 70 


1906 




18 


J. W. Crowell 




20 


Mrs. John Hart 


10 

Good. 

Good. 

4 




25 
25 
22 
20 


1900 
1900 
1900 
1902 


$245.00 


??. 


Jacob Ott 




127.00 


23 


Gustave Banzener 




177. 50 


24 


N. Schu? 




247.50 


26 


Laurel Park 






27 


Mrs. Levi 


50 

60 

280 

525 
395 






8 
10 




i> 105.00 


28 


Mrs. John Hansen 


5 
10 






M 


Eagle Paper Mills Co 

East Hartford Manufactur- 
ing Co 




1886 

1825 
1855 




44 








45 


do.c 


265 


159,000 















a Section: Sand; clay; hardpan; brown sandstone. 

b Drilling only; 18 feet dug. 

c Well in sandstone; steam pump. 

QUALITY OF GROUND WATER. 

The 150-foot drilled well of J. W. CroweU (No. 18, PI. IX) yields a 
hard, moderately mineralized calcium sulphate water, as the following 
analysis shows. According to tests ^ made in 1898 by the Connec- 
ticut State Board of Heatth the waters of six school weUs (depths 
not given) in East Hartford range in total solids from 24 to 355 parts, 
in chlorine from 2 to 72 parts, and in total hardness from 9 to 112 
parts per milUon. These figures illustrate well the variability in 
composition that may be expected because of local differences in the 
character of the water-bearing beds. 

Analysis of water from the 150-foot drilled ivell of J. W. Crowell (No. 18, PI. IX), col- 
lected June 16, 1915. 

[R. B. Dole, analyst.] Parts per 

million. 

Total solids at 180° C 472 

Total hardness as CaCOg 236 

Iron (Fe) 30 

Carbonate radicle (CO3) 

Bicarbonate radicle (HCO3) 98 

Sulphate radicle (SO4) 218 

Chlorine (CI) 24 

MANCHESTER. 

POPULATION AND INDUSTRIES. 

Manchester is in the central part of the State, in Hartford County. 
It is reached by the Higliland division of the New York, New Haven 
& Hartford Railroad (stations at Bucldand and Manchester) and by 
electric railway from Hartford and Rockville; the South Manchester 
Railroad connects Manchester and South Manchester, and the electric 
railway from Manchester Green connects with all passenger trains at 

1 Connecticut State Board of Health Kept, for 1898, pp. 291-296. 



MANCHESTER. 



73 



Manchester: stage from South Windsor to Buckland. Post offices are 
maintained at Manchester, South Manchester, Buckland, Manchester 
Green, and Higliland Park. 

Manchester was separated from East Hartford and incorporated in 
May, 1823. The area of the town is 21 square miles. 

The population of Manchester in 1910 was 13,641. The population 
from 1830 to 1910 is shown in the following table: 

Population of Manchester. 1830-1910. 



Year. 


Popula- 
tion. 


Per cent 
increase. 


Year. 


Popula- 
tion. 


Per cent 
increase. 


1830 


1,576 
1,695 
2,546 
3,294 
4,223 




1880 


6,462 

8,222 

10,601 

13,641 


53 


1840 


8 

50 
29 
28 


1890 


27 


1850 . . 


1900 


29 


I860 


1910 


29 


1870 











The principal industries are agriculture and the manufacture of silk, 
cotton, and woolen goods, paper, electric appliances, and needles. 

TOPOGRAPHY. 

Manchester is hilly throughout and practically all the hiUs are rock. 
The highest elevation is in the southwest corner of the town, where a 
group of rocky knobs reaches an elevation of 750 feet above sea level. 
Two-thirds of the town is more than 200 feet and about haK of it is 
more than 300 feet above sea level. The lowest elevation is 75 feet, 
where the Hockanum River crosses the east boundary. The terrace 
lands, which comprise large parts of East Hartford and South Windsor, 
extend into Manchester and occupy most of the northwest quarter of 
the town. (See PL IX, in pocket.) 

About nine-tenths of the drainage of Manchester is received by 
Hockanum River, which passes through Buckland and Manchester 
and drains the north half of the town. South Branch, the principal 
tributary of the Hockanum, passes through South Manchester and 
drains the south haK of the town. The headwaters of Pewterpot 
Brook and of Salmon Brook reach into the southwest corner of the 
town and receive a smaU part of the drainage. The fall of Hockanum 
River is about 20 feet to the mile, and that of South Branch 60 to 100 
feet to the mile east of South Manchester and about 30 feet to the 
mile from this point west to its junction with the main stream. 



WATER-BEARING FORMATIONS. 



Bedrocks. — From Manchester Green westward Triassic sandstones 
comprise the rock floor, but eastward the bedrocks are granite 
gneisses. The dividmg luie between these formations is a fault 



74 GROUND WATER IN THE HARTFORD AND OTHER AREAS; CONN. 

extending due north and south through the town. The rock- surface 
is rugged and has a maximum reUef of more than 300 feet. Joints 
or cracks in the rocks are apparent in all exposures, and they afford 
storage for gromid water as explained on page 20. 

Till. — On the highlands of Manchester the rock is covered with 
till or bowlder clay (p. 15), which is m places more than 30 feet 
thick and is of general occurrence at elevations exceedmg 200 feet. 
It probably occurs also in contact with the rock surface at lower 
elevations where the surface material is stratified drift. Till varies 
widely in porosity, and consequently in water-bearing capacity. 

Stratified drift. — The occurrence of gravel deposits in a belt nearly 
2 miles wide extendmg from north to south through the middle of 
Manchester, and of sand covering the rock in the northwest quarter 
of the town, suggests the conclusion that the stratified drift is deepest 
beyond the borders of the town. The deposits of sand and gravel 
are important water bearers, the porosity being high and the storage 
capacity consequently large. The occurrence of water in glacial 
drift is discussed on page 15. 

SURFACE-WATER SUPPLIES. 

Water power has been developed at Buckland, Manchester, and 
South Manchester, but the supply is not adequate during dry seasons 
and some of the plants have been abandoned. Mills are frequently 
obhged to run slack or to employ steam power. Reservoirs for 
municipal suppHes have been located at South Manchester, on Porter 
Brook near the east border of the town, and at the headwaters of 
Hop Brook. With few exceptions these reservoirs have furnished 
adequate suppHes. 

Large quantities of sewage and wastes from textile mills are dis- 
charged into the streams. Wastes from some of the mills in South 
Manchester are discharged on filter beds which remove a part of the 
pollution, but much of the poUutmg matter in solution is carried 
through and enters the streams. The reservoirs that supply the 
town are above the sources of pollution and are protected against 
contamination. 

GROUND- WATER SUPPLIES. 

Sixty-four weUs rangmg in depth from 3 to 56 feet and averaging 
21 feet were examined in Manchester. The range in depth to water 
was from 1 foot to 35 feet and the average was 11 feet. Most of 
these weUs end in tiU and eight of them penetrate rock. They yield 
in general sufficient water for domestic needs, but 10 weUs have 
recently been dry. The consumption of water, as reported from 28 
wells, and not including 9 weUs which are not used, ranges from 5 to 
120 gallons per day and averages about 23 gallons. 



MAHCHESTEE. 



75 



The depth of 27 drilled wells ranges from 45 to 500 feet and averages 
about 152 feet. The yield ranges from 3 to 150 gallons a minute. 
Satisfactory domestic supplies are obtained from drilled wells. Two 
wells drilled at the Porter reservoir for use in the municipal system 
were about 200 feet deep and yielded 50 gallons per minute, but they 
were abandoned because they did not flow and the yield was consid- 
ered too small to warrant pumping for municipal distribution. Fur- 
thermore, when the wells were pumped several important springs 
which contributed to the reservoir were cut off and it became evi- 
dent that no additional supply was obtained by pumping these wells. 

On the slopes in Manchester are numerous springs, some of which 
are permanent and furnish sufficient water for domestic supphes. 
Ten sprmgs were examined ranging in yield from 1.5 to 15 gallons a 
minute and averaging about 6 gallons. None of these are used on 
account of their inconvenient situation. 

PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES. 

The Manchester Water Co. supplies the village of Manchester at a 
flat rate from a reservoir near LydaUville, holding between 4,000,000 
and 5,000,000 gaUons, and the Cheney Bros. Water Co. supplies 
South Manchester from two reservoirs on Porter Brook near the east 
border of the town. The reservoirs of the latter company receive 
drainage from an area of about IJ square miles and have a total 
storage capacity of about 161,000,000 gaUons. The population sup- 
phed is 9,000. The system is partly metered. 

RECORDS OF WELLS AND SPRINGS. 



The available information concerning the wells of Manchester is 
presented in the foUowmg tables: 

Dug vjells in Manchester. 



Map 
No. 


Owner. 


Topo- 
graphic 
position. 


Eleva- 
tion 
above 
sea level. 


Depth. 


Depth 

to 
water. 


Eleva- 
tion of 
water 
table 
above sea. 


Yield 

per 

minute. 


Amount 

used 
per day. 


Depth 
to rock. 


3a 


Z. F. Hills 


Plain. . . 
Plain. . . 

Hill 

Plain. . . 
Plain.... 

Plain 

Slope.... 
Slope.... 
Slope.... 
Slope.... 
Plain.... 

Hill 

Hill 

Hill 


Feet. 
120 
150 
175 
155 
154 
150 
245 
220 
230 
220 
200 
225 
190 
183 


Feet. 
19 
IB 
22 
35 
26 
27 
12 
67 
6 3 
69 
16 
36 
30 
34 


Feet. 
17 
14 
21.8 


Feet. 
103 
136 
153.2 


Gallons. 


Gallons. 


Feet. 


4 










7 




""(a)"" 





15 
30 
12 




8 


Gillman 


32 


9 




22 
26 
10 

5 

1 

7 
14 
35 
29.8 


132 

124 
235 
215 
229 
211 
186 
195 
160.2 


13 


13 


Mrs.E.E.Gillman 
Slater 






17 






18 


C.T. Tack 

M. Doyle 






19 


5 
5 


25 
60 




20 
21 


W. McNaU 


9 


22 


H. W. Wetherell . . 




10 





23 






?A 









a Well goes dry. 



6 Well dug in spring. 



76 GROUND WATER IX THE HARTFORD AND OTHER AREAS, CONN. 

Dug wells in Manchester — Continued. 



Map 
No. 


Owner. 


Topo- 
graphic 
position. 


Eleva- 
tion 
above 
sea level. 


Depth. 


Depth 

to 
water. 


Eleva- 
tion of 
water 
table 
above sea. 


Yield 

per 

minute. 


Amount 

used 
per day. 


Depth 
to rock. 


25 




Plain.... 

Plain 

Slope.... 
Plam.... 
Flat 

(°) 

(«) 

(°) 

Flat 

Slope.... 


Feet. 

185 
200 
235 
235 
295 
425 
420 
430 
380 
390 
385 
310 
300 
285 
260 
260 
225 
180 
150 
145 
145 
155 
130 
140 
160 
170 
170 
150 
180 
230 
245 
295 
265 
385 
265 
260 
290 
275 
290 
225 
290 
300 
280 
280 
420 
418 
460 
750 
700 
710 
740 


Feet. 
20 
22 
26 
14 
16 
21 
12 
22 
20 
22 

"s 

22 
13 
25 
24 
14 
29 
27 
28 
14 


Feet. 
18 
20 
25 
11 
15 
17 

11.9 
18. 5 
18 
19 
5 
20 
11.5 
23 
22.5 
13.5 
28 
26.5 
27.8 
13.5 


Feet. 
167 
180 
210 
224 
280 
408 
408.1 
411.5 
362 
371 
380 
290 
288. 5 
262 
237.5 
146.5 
197 
153.5 
122.2 
131.5 


Gallons. 


Gallons. 



Feet. 


26 








28 






10 




29 


V. Johnson 






30 








31 


Risley 




60 





3? 


W. L.Fish 

L. McKee 




12 


34 






35 


....:do 




10 




36 


Joseph Hansen 


2.5 




37 






42 




Plain.... 
Plain.... 
Slope.... 


(") 


5 






43 






44 






45 


R. Hastings 






46 


G. Henson 


Slope... - 
Plain.... 
Plain.... 
Plain.... 
Plain.... 
Plain.... 
Plain.... 
Plain.... 
Slope.... 
nill...-. 
Slope.... 
Clope.... 
Plain.... 
Plain.... 
Slope.... 
Slope.... 
Plain.... 
Slope.... 
Slope.... 
Plain.... 
Plain.... 
Slope.... 
Plain.... 
Plain.... 

Hill 

Hill 

Slope.... 
31ope.... 

Slope 

Slope.... 

Slope 

Flat 

HilK... 
Slope..,. 

HiU 

Hilld... 








50 










53 
54 


F. Tiechert 


(^) 


5 



27 


56 


Cushman 






57 










59 


Leritz 


25 

25 
22 
c61 
18 
17 
14 
29 
16 
25 
29 
17 
24 
21.5 
19 
27 
20 
36 
32 
31 
32 
17 
30 
17 
13 
15 
23 
20 
15 
18 


24 

22 
19 


131 
108 
121 




20 




60 


Hill Bros 






61 


Ralph Noyes 

F. N. Buckland . . . 
. do 




80 




62 






63 


15 


155 








64 


(&) 






65 


Ruddell 


13 

26 

11 

18 

25 

16 

21.5 

20 

16 

24 

17 

32 

31.8 

29 

27 

15.5 

28 

15.2 

11.5 

13 

21.5 

19 

13 

17.2 


137 

154 

219 

227 

270 

249 

363.5 

245 

244 

266 

l'=8 

2o8 

193.2 

261 

273 

264.5 

252.5 

4C4.5 

406.5 

447 

728.5 

681 

697 

722.8 




14 


66 








70 


Schoolhouse 








71 








72 






8 




73 








74 


M. Schildge 

Fred Browsky 

Mrs. "Weidman 




10 
25 
15 

7 




76 






77 


1.5 




78 




79 


"Wm. Keish 

John Bissel 

E.T. Carrier 






81 




20 

3C 

35 



5 

8 




84 


4 




87 




88 


H F. Case 






91 
92 


Katherine Calhoun 
John Porterfield . . . 


(«-) 


17 


93 






94 


Ida Wear 





5 

8 





96 


D. J. Findley 




9 


98 






99 


1 Joseph Sipper 

J. Barthleim 

Matuchak 




1 





100 






101 


(^) 













a Located in Bolton. 
b Well goes dry. 



c Dug 45 feet: point driven 16 feet, 
d Well dug in spring. 



MANCHESTER. 
Drilled wells in Manchester. 



77 



Map 
No. 


Owner. 


Elevation 

above sea 

level. 


Depth. 


Yield per 
minute. 


Amovmt 

used per 

day. 


Depth 
to rock. 


Diameter, 


DriUed 

in 
year— 


Cost. 


3 


H. J. Wickham 

Clint Williams 

do 


Feet. 
100 
155 
155 
150 
15 
150 
150 
400 
355 
315 
310 
270 
255 
230 
180 
177 
118 
145 
190 
200 
280 
280 


Feet. 

125 

67 

30 

a 207 

102 

225 

250 

271 

200 

60 

60 

64 

71 

70 

C108 

131 

175 

din 

cl88 

C105 

C104 

99 

150 

/45 

137 

450 

500 


Gallons. 

5 

Good. 

Good. 

12 


Gallons. 
400 


Feet. 

16 

5 

28 
43 


Inches. 


1906 


8312 50 


5 




74.00 


6 






60.00 


10 


Edward Hayes 

Mrs. Bean 


450 
50 




f> 1,050.00 


11 


1 


229. 00 


12 


Burr 


Good. 






1905 




14 


Sumatra Tobacco Co. 
E. S. Ela 








625.00 


38 










1906 
1901 




39 


Fred Pitkin 


20 


800 


4 
20 
20 






40 


Wadsworth 






41 


W. Pitkin 












47 


A. C. Knofla 

Corbin 


3 

60 


20 
15 









48 


20 




1904 




49 


Frish 






51 


Jos. Bier 


10 
5 


12 


55 




1906 
1908 
1901 


216.00 


52 


Stone 




262. 00 


55 


M. Hayes 




20 






58 


Daniels 










68 


Charles Stimburg 

Charles Pukosky 

W. B. Porter 

F. Wittkopski 

Joseph Hager 


Good. 

25 

Good. 




38 
16 
54 
22 




1909 
1908 
1910 
1911 
1908 
1899 


264.00 


69 


20 
40 
25 
20 




210. 00 


80 




208. 00 


82 




198.00 


83 






300. 00 


85 


E.T. Carrier 

TJermey 


240 
280 


4 








86 










102 


Cheney Bros 


^150 

USO 

*3 


(A) 
ii) 
U) 


10 
50 


8 
8 
6 


1903 
1911 




103 


..?. do 


180 
120 




3B 


Mrs. Chapman 











a Through sandstone and black slate. 

b Cost of whole system. 

c Through sandstone. 

d Drill passed through 11 feet of rock; bottom of well is gravel. 

« Through red sandstone. 

/ Through sand and clay. 

g Flowing; mineral content 1,000 grains per gallon. 

h Total yield. 

i At depth of 80 feet. 

> Not used. 

* Flowing. 

Springs in Manchester. 



Map 
No. 



Owner. 



Elevation 

above sea 

level. 



Yield per 
minute. 



Improvements. 



1 

2 
15 
16 

27 
33 
75 
89 
90 
95 
97 



H.J. Wickham 

do 

Sumatra Tobacco Co . 



W. L. Fish 

Frank Schildge. 

Case Bros 

do 

D. C. Finley... 



Feet. 
120 
120 
160 
160 
220 
o405 
340 



500 
500 



Gallons. 



15 
15 

2.5 

3 
Small. 

1.5 

4 

2 

1.5 



Piped to several houses. 



Piped to barn. 



a Spring located in Bolton. 
QUALITY OF GROUND WATER. 

The four analyses of water from drilled wells in Manchester reported 
in the following table indicate considerable difference in mineral 
content, doubtless due to local differences in the character of the 
water-bearing beds. Two of the wells yield soft water of low mineral 
content and two yield hard water high in sulphate. All contain 
little chlorine. 



78 GROUND WATEK IN THE HARTFORD AND OTHER AREAS^ CONN. 

Analyses of water of drilled wells at Manchester. 
{Parts per million; R. B. Dole, analyst.] 



Constituents. 



Total solids at 180° C 

Total hardness as CaCOa 

Silica(Si02) 

Iron (Fe) 

Calcium (Ca) 

Magnesium (Mg) 

Carbonate radicle (CO3) 

Bicarbonate radicle (HCO3) . 

Sulphate radicle (SO4) 

Chlorine (CI) 



258 
160 



.25 



.0 
94 
10() 
4.9 



a 99 
55 
12 

Tr. 

24 

2 

58 

20 

2. 



99 
26 



.0 
26 
5.3 
4.2 



455 

255 

15 



,10 



.0 

74 
239 
2.1 



a Much organic matter. 

1. "Well of Mrs. Chapman (PI. IX, No. 3B); sample collected June 16, 1915. 

2. "Well of II. J. AVickham (PI. IX, No. 3), 125 feet deep; sample collected June 16, 1915. 

3. "Well of F. "WTiitkofski (PI. IX, No. 82), 99 feet deep; sample collected June 16, 1915. 

4. "Well of Joseph Hager (PI. IX, No. 83), 150 feet deep; sample collected June 16, 1915. 

SOUTH WINDSOR. 



POPULATION AND INDUSTRIES. 

South Windsor, in the central part of Connecticut, in Hartford 
County (PL IX), is reached by the Highland division and the Springfield 
branch of the Ne"w York, Ne-w Haven & Hartford Railroad (station 
at South Windsor, East Windsor Hill, Rye Street, and Burnhams), 
and by electric rail-way from Hartford and Springfield to South Windsor 
and East Windsor Hill. The village of Wapping is reached by stage 
from Buckland station in Manchester. Post offices are maintained 
at South Windsor, East Windsor Hill, Wapping, Rockville R. D. 
No. 3, Burnside R. D. No. 1, and Broad Brook R. D. No. 1. South 
Windsor -was incorporated in May, 1845; previous to this date the 
to"wn was included in East Windsor. The area of the to"wn is 30 
square miles. 

The population of South Windsor in 1910 "was 2,251. The popula- 
tion from 1850 to 1910 is sho"wn in the follo"wing table: 

Population of South Windsor, 1850 to 1910. 



Year. 



1850 
1860 
1870 
1880 



Popula- 
tion. 



1,638 
1,789 
1,688 
1,902 



Per cent 
increase. 



9 

is' 



Per cent 
decrease. 



Year. 



1890 
1900 
1910 



Popula- 
tion. 



1,736 
2,014 
2,251 



Per cent 
increase. 



16 
12 



Per cent 
decrease. 



The principal industry is agriculture, especially tobacco gro"wing 
About one-third of the towTi is under cultivation, and about 10 
square miles is in woodland. 



TOPOGRAPHY. 



The west half of South Windsor, between the longitude of Wapping 
and Connecticut River, is a low flood plain, lying in general less than 
50 feet above sea level. This flood plain is a little more than a mile 



SOUTH WINDSOE. 79 

wide at the southwest corner of the to^vn and gradually narrows to 
less than a half mile in the northwest corner. A terrace, 3 miles wide, 
extends eastward from the flood plaui. South of Podunk River the 
surface of this terrace is somewhat liilly, omng to elevations of the 
rock surface, which reaches a height near Yin tons Mills of 275 feet; 
but from Podunk River north to the latitude of East Wmdsor Hill 
the surface is flat and stands at an elevation of about 85 feet. Be- 
tween Podunk River and Stoughtons Brook the terrace is divided 
into two benches. The upper one is contiauous \\'ith the plain in the 
north end of the town and the lower one, about a half mile wide, 
stands 50 feet above sea level. 

East of the terraced lands the toA\TL is hilly. The liighest eleva- 
tion, 390 feet, is in the northwest corner. The average stream 
gradient ui the hilly section is about 60 feet to the mile; in the western 
haK of the to^\^l it is about 20 feet to the mile. 

The drauiage of South Windsor reaches Connecticut River through 
Podunk River, Stoughtons Brook, and Scantic River. A compara- 
tively small area along ihe east border is draiaed by the headwaters 
of Hockanum River. These streams are all small and the only 
power developed ^vithin the town is at Vinton Mills, where a small 
sawmill is operated intermittently. 

The flood plains along the Connecticut produce hay where the 
ground is not swampy. 

WATER-BEARING FORMATIONS. 

Bedrocks. — The bedrocks which come to the surface in many 
parts of South Windsor are brown sandstones of Triassic age. These 
rocks underhe the whole of South Wuidsor but are covered in the 
eastern part of the towTi by a heavy mantle of glacial drift. Sub- 
sequent to their deposition the sandstones throughout this region 
were faulted and fractured on a large scale, and as a result the rocks 
at the present time are cut in every direction by joiats which hold 
ground water (p. 20). 

TiU. — On the hills along the east border of the town the bedrock 
is covered with till or hardpan — a mixture of clay, sand, and gravel 
containing bowlders, some of which are 2 or 3 feet in diameter. Till 
immediately overlies the rock surface throughout the town, but m 
the eastern part it is covered by stratified deposits. 

Stratified drift. — Thin deposits of gravel are found in South Windsor 
at elevations between 100 and 200 feet above sea level. Below 
elevations of 100 feet the rock is covered with sand contaiaino: lenses 
of clay. The occurrence of ground water in glacial (^posits is dis- 
cussed on page 15. 

Alluvium. — The flood-plain area marks the distribution of alluvium. 
This deposit is about one-half mile wide except near the mouth of 
Scantic River, where it extends eastward into the Scantic River 



80 GROUND WATER IN THE HARTFORD AND OTHER AREAS, CONN. 

valley, beyond the border of the town. The alluvium consists 
chiefly of sand, but small amounts of clay and organic matter are 
also present. 

GROUND-WATER SUPPLIES. 

Sixty-four dug wells, ranging in depth from 8 to 30 feet and aver- 
aging about 17 feet, were measured. The depth to water ranges 
from 7 to 28 feet and averages about 12 feet. Most of these wells 
are situated in stratified deposits and two of them penetrate rock. 
Thirteen of the wells have recently been dry. The daily consump- 
tion, as reported for 22 wells, ranges from 6 to 4,480 gallons. Driven 
points are being successfully used in South Windsor. The yield, as 
determined by measurements of three wells, is about 10 gallons per 
minute. The depths of seven wells range from 16 to 28 feet and 
average 22 feet. 

The average depth of 13 drilled wells is 123 feet, the extremes 
being 38 feet and 206 feet. Their yields range from 2 to 30 gallons a 
minute and average 16 gallons. The consumption as reported for 
seven wells ranges from 10 to 100 gallons a day. 

Seven springs were examined yielding from 1 to 12 gallons a minute 
and averaging 4 gallons. Four of these are used for domestic suppUes, 
in which the consumption ranges from 60 to 500 gallons a day. All 
are gravity springs, but they do not respond too readily to changes 
in the weather. The springs now in use have not been known to fail. 

In many places in the eastern part of the town the best supplies 
both for private and public uses are to be obtained from springs. 
Springs so situated that the water may be delivered to buildings 
through pipes by gravity usually afford the most economical supplies 
and should be preferred to wells. Driven wells are recommended in 
the areas of stratified drift in the western part of the town (PI. IX) 
because of their high efficiency and low cost, and where larger supplies 
are required than may be obtained from a single well of this type a 
gang of points connected at the surface to a common main is likely 
to produce the required amount (p. 40). Infiltration galleries (p. 42) 
situated at the base of the terrace should afford large supphes, and 
this method of development, as well as the use of driven wells, should 
receive consideration in connection with the proposed public supplies. 

In areas covered by till (PI. IX) the best type of well for moderate 
domestic service is a sanitary dug well (p. 43). Water from these 
sources is generally good and is adequate for domestic needs. 
Where the drift is so thin that water is not available throughout the 
year and whe;re larger supplies are required than may be obtained 
from dug wells drilled wells may produce adequate quantities of 
water (p. 38); indeed, drilled wells may yield domestic supplies in 
any part of the town. 



SOUTH WINDSOR. 



81 



RECORDS OF WELLS AND SPRINGS. 



The available information concerning the wells and springs of 
South Windsor is presented in the foLowing tables: 

Dug wer.s vn. South Windsor. 



Map 
No. 


Owner. 


Topo- 
gi-aphic 
position. 


E!eva= 

tion 

above 

sea level. 


Depth. 


Depth to 
water. 


Eleva^ 
tion of 
water 
table 
above 
sea. 


Yield per 
minute. 


Amount 

used 
per day. 


1 


E . A. Sawyer 


Hill 

Hill 

Plain.... 
Plain.... 
Plain.... 

Hill 

Slope.... 

Slope 

Plain.... 
Plain.... 

Hill 

Slope 

Plahi.... 

Flat 

Plain.... 
Plain.... 

Slope 

Slope 

Slope 

Plain.... 
Plain..,. 
Plain.... 
Plain.... 
Plain.... 
Slope.... 

Hill 

Hill 

Plain.... 
Plain..., 
Plain..., 
Slope..., 
Plain,.,, 
Plain,,,, 
Plain..,, 
Plain.... 
Plain.... 
Plain,... 
Plain,... 

Hill 

Slope 

Hill 

Slope 

Plain.,,, 
Plain..., 
Plain.... 
Plain,... 
Plam,,., 
Plain.,., 
Piam.,,, 
Plain..,. 
Plam.... 
Plain. .. 
Plain.... 

Slope 

Slope 

Slope 

Hill 

Slope.... 
Slope.... 

Slope 

Hill....- 

Hill 

Slope 

Hill 


Feet. 

75 

70 

90 

110 

110 

320 

280 

315 

280 

280 

285 

210 

190 

185 

190 

192 

140 

120 

160 

90 

95 

90 

90 

90 

135 

98 

75 

45 

40 

45 

20 

40 

70 

72 

70 

75 

65 

73 

115 

120 

130 

130 

110 

75 

80 

80 

80 

80 

115 

115 

118 

125 

110 

140 

160 

150 

220 

155 

185 

260 

270 

268 

200 

335 


Feet. 

16 

20 

11 

10 

10 

28 

15 

14 

30 

18 

17 

21 

24 

21 

18 

24 

18 

15 

14 

11 

11 

19 

10 

24.5 

28 

24 

16 

14 

13 

15 

15 

16 

17 

15 

15 

12 

18 

19 

18 
6 12 

24 

13 

16 

15 

13 

14 

19 

22 

20 

20 

11.5 

16 

19 

13 

14 
8 

12 

13 

18 

17 

19 

14 

14 
C22 


Feet. 
12 
17.5 

7 

8.5 

8 


Feet. 

63 

52.5 

83 

101.5 
102 


Gallons. 


Gallons. 
20 


2 








3 




(a) 
(a) 




6 


Edward Risley 


20 


6 






8 


John Bryan 






* 9 


E . Belknap 


14 

12 

28 

17 

16 

20.5 

23.5 

18.5 

17 

22 

16 

12 

12 

9.5 

7 
18 

8.5 
23.5 
27 


266 

303 

252 

263 

269 

189.5 

146.5 

167.5 

173 

170 

124 

108 

148 

80.5 

88 

72 

81.5 

66.5 
108 






13 


Frank Dart 


(a) 
(a) 




14 






15 


Hyram Skinner 





16 


Groves 






17 








19 


Fred Ao Pierce 







20 


E . H. Kovers 






21 


W. Green 




40 


22 








24 


J. M. Preston 




25 


25 


M. D. Sullivan 






27 


Aug. Stubenrough 

Frank H. Pierce 






31 


3.7 


70 


32 




15 


33 


G.W.Hayes 







36 


Arthur M. Hayes 




15 


37 


W. T. Walker 


(a) 
(a) 
(a). 05 


6 


38 


L. P. Brown 




39 


G. S. Thresher 




44 


R. F. Southergill 


14 
12 

12.5 
14 

13.5 
15 
15 
13 

12.5 
11 
17 

17.5 
17.8 
10 
21 

12.8 
14.5 
11 
12 

13.8 
17 

18.5 
18.5 
18.5 
11 
14 
18 
12 
11 
7.8 


61 

33 

27.5 

31 
6.5 

25 

55 

61 

77.5 

64 

48 

55.5 

97.2 
110 
109 
117.2 

95.2 

64 

68 

66.2 

63 

61.5 

96.5 

96.5 
107 
111 

92 
128 
149 
142.2 


15 


47 


M. J. Meade 


4 


80 


48 


jCinaiy 





50 








52 






15 


53 


Leo Burnham 






56 






600 


57 


James "l^'adley 






58 






4,480 
12 


59 


do 


(a) 


00 


E Imore 




61 








62 




(o) 




63 


J. L.Hay:^ 




64 


L. A. Miner 


3 

(a) 
(a) 


10 


65 






66 


G. E.W.Naples 


10 


68 






69 








70 


Schooli'ouse 






71 









72 


do 






74 


Johnson 






75 


do 






76 








77 


jurj^ess 






78 


C.P.Clark 






81 


rJcii colhouse 







82 


Henry Cady 




15 


83 









84 









85 


Stroka 


12.5 
15.6 

.A 

18.2 
13 
8 
19. o 


142.5 

169.5 

246 

251.8 

255 

192 

315.5 


(a) 


10 


87 







92 


P. L. Burgess 






93 








96 


C. T, Tack 




15 


OV 


K. llikolite 




20 


98 


Frank Rogers 




10 











a Well goes dry. b Depth to rock, 12 feet. 
97889°— wsp 374—16 6 



c Depth to rock, 16 feet. 



82 GROUND WATER IX THE HARTFORD AND OTHER AREAS, CONN. 

Driven wells in South Windsor. 



Map 
No. 


Owner. 


Eleva- 
tion 
above 
sea level. 


Depth. 


Depth 
to water. 


Yield 

per 

minute. 


34 


G. W. Hayes 


Feet. 


Feet. 
28 
28 


Feet. 
16 
16 


Gallons. 
olO 


35 


do 




olO 


40 








41 












42 












43 












45 












46 


E. D . Famum 


50 
45 
45 


27 
18 
20 
16 

18 




10 


49 




Good. 


51 






Good. 


54 


Mrs Rav 




fc Good. 


55 


Geo H Andrev.'s 


65 




Good. 











o 30 to 40 gallons used per day. b 40 gallons used per day. 

Drilled wells in South Windsor. 



Map 
No. 


O-^-ner. 


Eleva- 
tion 
above 
sea level. 


Depth. 


Yield 

per 

minute. 


Amount 

used 
per day. 


Depth 
to rock. 


Drilled 

in 
year— 


Cost. 


11 


J. S, Brown 


Feet. 
315 
335 
220 
135 
150 
130 
120 
120 
170 
170 
215 
130 
250 
200 
350 


Feet. 
137 
162 
161 


Gallons. 


Gallon,?. 
100 
60 
85 
30 
84 
40 


Feet. 






12 


Frank Dart 


13 

30 


47 
3.5 


1911 




18 


J. W. Graham 

Nickols 




23 






28 
67 
79 
80 
86 
88 
89 
90 
94 
95 
99 


Johnson. 


&118 


5 








E. E. Clark 




1908 
1911 
1911 

1908 
1907 
1901 




L. J. Grant 


160 
110 
100 
C96 

lie 

102 

100 

38 

20G 


20 






Wapping M. E. parsonage. . 
C. Grant 




68 










Wm. Clark 


15 
2 
25 
15 
20 




30 


S240.00 


Will Felt 






Simler 




■ 




P. Jennings 


10 




1909 
1899 




Mrs. W. C". ThomDSon 

Levi Felt . . .". 


8 


50.00 


















a Red sandstone. b 30 feet of sand, then hardpan to rock. 

Springs in South Windsor. 



c Sand, gravel, and rock. 



Map 
No. 



4 

7 

10 

26 
29 
30 
73 
91 



Owner. 



Yield 



Eleva 
tion , pgj, 

seflevd. P^^te. | per day 



Amount 
used 



Michael McGrath 

O'Connor & Havlin tobacco farm 
Budy 

Geo.* A. Smith. l\.\\\\\\.\."[[[[ 

Wapping creamery 



Fea. 


Gallons. 


95 


1.5 


138 


10 


315 


1.5 


90 


2.5 


130 


1 


100 
100 




2 


200 


12 



Gallons. 

70 

100 



60 

'566' 



Improvements. 



Hydraulic ram. 
Wind and gasoline engine. 
Wind. Piped to house and 
bam. 



Hydraulic ram. 
Do. 



EAST WINDSOR. 
POPULATION AND INDUSTRIES. 



East Windsor (PL IX) is in central Connecticut in Hartford County. 
It is reached by the Highland division and the Springfield branch of 
the New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad, with stations at 
Osborn, Broad Brook, and Melrose, and by the main line of the same 



EAST WINDSOR. 



83 



road, with, station at Warehouse Point; by electric railways from 
Hartford, Springfield, and Kockville. Post offices: East Windsor, 
Windsorville, Melrose, Broad Brook, and Warehouse Point. 

East Windsor was taken from Windsor and incorporated in May, 
1768. The area of the town is 27 square miles. The population in 
1910 was 3,362. 

The following table shows the population of the town from 1774 
to 1910: 

Population of East Windsor, 1774 to 1910. 



Year. 


Popula- 
tion. 


Per cent 
increase. 


Per cent 
decrease. 


Year. 


Popula- 
tion. 


Per cent 
increase. 


Per cent 
decrease. 


1774 


2,999 
3,237 
2,600 
2,766 
3,081 
3,400 
3,536 
3,600 






1850 


2,633 
2,580 
2,882 
3,019 
2,890 
3,158 
3,362 




a 27 


1782 


8 




1860 




2 


1790 


20 


1870 


12 
4 




1800 


6 

11 

10 

4 

2 


1880 




1810 




1890 


4 


1820 




1900 


9 
6 




1830 




1910 




1840 















a South Windsor was set ofi from East Windsor in 1845. 

About one-fourth of East Windsor is wooded and two-thirds of 
the town is under cultivation. Approximately 1,200 persons are 
engaged in agriculture. The manufacture of woolen and silk goods 
also forms an important industry. Rye gin is made on a large scale 
at Warehouse Point. 

Water power is used at Broad Brook and at Windsorville, both of 
which are situated on tributaries of Scantic River. 

TOPOGRAPHY. 

Along the east border of East Windsor irregulaj-ities in rock sur- 
face produce hills ranging in height from 200 to 300 feet. The area 
characterized by this topography is about a mile wide and extends 
along the entire east border. Between this area and Connecticut 
River is a plain which is about 100 feet in general elevation and which 
is dissected nearly to sea level by Scantic River and its tributaries. 
The valleys of these streams are narrow and the areas between them 
are poorly drained. This plain is probably a part of the bed of a 
lake which formerly occupied much of the Connecticut Valley north 
of Rocky HiU. 

The principal stream, Scantic River, enters the town about a 
mile west of Melrose and flows diagonally across to the southwest 
corner, where it joins the Connecticut. Its principal tributaries 
are Broad Brook and Ketch Brook, which drain the east half of the 
town. The west half is drained by Priors Creek and several short 
brooks which empty into the Connecticut. (See PI. IX, in pocket.) 

WATER-BEARING FORMATIONS. 

Bedrocks. — Bedrocks — all Triassic sandstones — appear at the sur- 
face in the hills just east of Warehouse Point, at numerous places 



84 GROUND WATER IX THE HARTFORD AND OTHER AREAS, CONN. 

along Scan tic River and its tributaries, and in the hills along tlie 
east border of the town. Numerous joints, many of which are 
water bearhig, traverse the rock in all directions and constitute the 
source of the ground water obtained from rock borings, as explained 
on page 23. 

Till. — Tlie bedrock in the eastern part of the to^vn is covered with 
till — a glacial deposit consisting of mixtures of bowlders, gravel, and 
sand, with small amounts of clay — which ranges in thickness from 
a mere film on the hilltops to 25 or 30 feet in the valleys. WeUs 
drilled through the stratified drift in the eastern part of the town 
have all encountered till immediately overlying the bedrock. It is 
believed, therefore, that till Hes between the stratified drift and the 
rock surface. Tlie occurrence of water in till is discussed on page 15. 

Stratified drift. — The till-covered areas are surrounded by stratified 
deposits consisting of coarse sand and gravel, and gravel deposits 
are found along the east border of East Windsor overlying the till at 
elevations of less than 225 feet. On the plauis in the eastern part of 
the town the surface material is principally sand containing lenses of 
clay and ranging in depth from a few feet to about 100 feet (p. 15). 

Alluvium. — Immediately along Connecticut River the surface 
material is alluvium, but the deposit is only a few yards wide. The 
alluvium also extends up the vaUey of Sc antic River from its mouth 
through East Windsor and Enfield. 

GROUND- WATER SUPPLIES. 

The depth of dug weUs in East Windsor, as determined by measure- 
ment of 31 wells, ranges from 10 to 65 feet and averages 17 feet. 
Depth to water ranges from 2 to 58 feet and averages 14 feet. Most 
of these wells end in stratified deposits and yield adequate supplies. 
Only two wells have recently been dry. The daily consumption of 
water reported for 15 wells ranges from 15 to 100 gaUons. Four 
of the wells examined are not used. 

Twenty-seven drilled wells, ranging in depth from 86 to 386 feet 
and averaging about 166 feet, and yielding 2.5 to 85 gallons a minute, 
were examined. Twenty-six of these wells penetrate rock. The 
daily consumption, as reported for 14 wells, ranged from 10 to 25,000 
gallons. 

Small springs are common along the streams but are generally 
intermittent and are so situated as to be unimportant as sources of 
water for domestic use. A few permanent springs on the slopes in 
the central and western part of the town are capable of development. 
One of these yields about 6 gallons per minute and is subject to slight 
variation throughout the year. 

In the western part of the town, where the surface deposits consist 
largely of sand, one of the most suitable types of wells is the driven 
well described on page 40. Wells of this kind are especially desirable 



EAST WINDSOR. 



85 



for tobacco irrigation, as they may be sunk at convenient spots in 
the fields and may be constructed in a few hours and at a very moder- 
ate cost. Such wells would be very useful in fields to which water 
must now be hauled from distant wells. 



PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY. 

A private company supplies water to Broad Brook, principally 
for fire protection but to some extent for domestic use. One reser- 
voir, about 5,000,000 gallons in capacity, is situated about 1^ miles 
southeast of the village. The revenue is collected at a flat rate. A 
reservoir might be constructed 2 miles east of the city near the head 
of the tributary that joins Broad Brook just north of the city, but 
the quantity of water carried by this stream should be determined 
before any development is undertaken. The available head is about 
75 feet and the catchment area is about 3 square miles. Wells 
might also be sunk by driving perforated well casings into the strati- 
fied deposits near Scantic River to a depth of about 100 feet or to 
bedrock. 

RECORDS OF WELLS. 

The available information relating to the wells in East Windsor is 
set forth in the following tables : 

Dug wells in East Windsor. 



Map 
No. 


Owner. 


Topo- 
graphic 
position. 


Eleva- 
tion 

above 
sea 

level. 


Depth. 


Depth 

to 
water. 


Eleva- 
tion 
of 

water 

table 

above 

sea. 


Yield 

per 

minute. 


Amount 

used 
per day. 


Depth 

to 

rock. 


1 


W. A. Lord 

John Winker 

Martin Cuscovitch . 
M. Bagg 


Hill 

Plain.... 
Plain.... 
Plain.... 
Plain.... 
Plain.... 
Plain.... 
Plain.... 

HiU 

Hill 

Slope 

Plain.... 
Plain,... 
Plam.... 
Plain.... 

Flat 

Plain.... 

Hill 

Plain.... 

Slope 

Plain.... 

HiU 

HiU 

HiU 

Slope 

HiU 

HiU 

HiU 

Slope.... 

Flat 

Plain.... 
Slope.... 


Feet. 

130 

100 

115 

120 

110 

115 

145 

120 

196 

130 

130 

105 

100 

107 

100 

100 

107 

130 

55 

60 

65 

80 

106 

100 

110 

105 

140 

80 

95 

90 

85 

220 


Feet. 
18 
18 
12 
10 
14 
15 
15 
18 
65 


Feet. 
17 
13 

8 
6 
9 


Feet. 
113 
87 
107 
114 
101 


Gallons. 


Gallons. 



Feet. 
18 


2 






4 




20 
20 
25 




5 






6 


C. C. Parker 

Fred Schlichting.. 






7 






10 


14 

15.5 

58 


131 

104.5 

138 








12 


Wm.HiU 


5 


35 




13 


Richard Carroll 

Herman Krah 

I. H. Stiles 

H.A.Hunt 

Barton Wells 

Thomas Porter 




?.S 








?4 


13 
13 
11 
14 
13 
14 
18 
14 
12 
18 
15 
12 
25 
12 
11 
27 
21 
12 
25 
17 
22 
22 


12 
10 

9 
12 

7 

2 

16.5 
11 

9 

16.5 
13.5 
10.5 
14 

6 

8 
25. 5 
13 
10 

23.5 
15 
19 
18.5 


118 

95 

91 

95 

93 

98 

90.5 
129 

46 

43.5 

41. 5 

69.5 

92 

94 
102 

79.5 
127 

70 

71.5 

75 

66 
201.5 








25 




20 




26 






28 








29 




20 




an 


Allen 






31 










32 


E. P.Carter 




30 




34 






35 


J. O.Walker 


(°) 


20 

40 



20 




36 




37 






38 


W. P. Bissel 




3<) 






40 


Town farm 

J. F. Strong 

H. J. AUen 

W. PI. Tallcott.... 
John Sheridan 




100 

15 

25 

15 






41 


2.5 




45 




47 


(«) 




48 




56 




58 


Barnard 








59 


H. M. Doane 


10 


30 


22 



a WeUgoes dry. 



86 GROUND WATER IN THE HARTFORD AND OTHER AREAS^ CONN. 

Drilled wells in East Windsor. 



Map 
No. 


Owner. 


Eleva- 
tion 

above 
sea 

level. 


Depth. 


Yield 

per 

minute. 


Amoimt 
used 
per 
day. 


Depth 

to 
rock. 


Drilled 

in 
year— 


Cost. 


Section. 


3 

8 

9 
11 

H 
15 


H.W.Allen 

E. M, Granger 

A. H. Grant 

Francis Dowdy 

Distilling Co. 
Michael Sullivan.. 
Ertel 


Feet. 
105 

150 

150 
125 

230 
148 
150 
150 
178 
180 
175 

180 

170 
200 

145 
145 
145 
135 

200 
200 
200 

195 
200 
210 
215 
220 
225 


Feet. 
222 

270 

100 
310 

150 
109 
102 
100 
138 
257 
109 

86 

154 
386 

143 
298 
160 
246 

102 
155 
210 

90 
87 
86 
114 
211 
86 


Gallons. 
30 

22 

15 

85 

75 
40 
40 
48 
40 
34 
12 

32 

18 
2.5 

5 

50 

Small. 

30 

6 

10 
16 

6 
25 
10 

3 

10.5 
60 


Gallons. 
50 

60 

75 

100 
25' 

"""so' 
46" 

60 
25,000 


Feet. 
120 

100 

50 
40 

60 
56 
60 
73 
86 
135 
45 

70 

48 
21 

15 

168 


1906 

1900 

1902 
1900 

1905 
1910 
1907 
1911 
1910 
1910 
1911 

1900 

1911 
1910 

1909 
1910 
1885 
1911 

1910 
1911 
1911 

1903 
1910 
1903 
1911 
1911 
1910 


$444.00 
540. 00 

"620.' 66' 

300.00 
218. 00 
204. 00 
200.00 
276. 00 
514.00 
218. 00 

360. 00 

340.00 
772.00 

321. 75 
596.00 

"492.' 66" 

204.00 
310. 00 
420.00 

190.00 
174.00 
172. 00 
228. 00 
422. 00 
172.00 


Sand; clay; brown 
sandstone. 

Sand; clay; hard- 
pan. 

Sand; gravel; hard- 
pan. 
Sand; hardpan. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Sand; quicksand; 

bowlders. 
Sand ; quicksand ; 

hardpan. 
Sand; hardpan. 
Sand; clay; hard- 
pan. 

Sand; hardpan. 


16 
17 

18 
19 
20 


F. A.Curtis 

Frank Dowd 

Wm. Morris 

R. C. Lasbury 

do 


21 
22 


J. P. Norton 

Miskill 


27 

33 

42 


Robert Bartlett . . . 

E. Newberry 

Farnham 


43 


FredEUsworth.... 
Albert Ellsworth . . 

John Sheridan 

Joseph Titus 

JohnLeantie 

Michael Dunn 

Wm. Stasowitz 

Andrew Hoffman . 

Jacob Gilson 

Geo. Barnard 

Howard Hamilton . 


44 

49 
60 
51 

52 
53 
54 
55 
57 
60 


1,285 

20 
10 

36" 

36' 


166 

10 
23 
80 

38 
23 
40 
32 
9 
76 


Sand; clay; hard- 
pan. 
Sand; hardpan. 

Do. 
Sand; clay; hard- 
pan. 
Sand; hardpan. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 



QUALITY OF GROUND WATER. 

The deeper of the two wells analyses of whose waters are given in 
the accompanying table yields a highly mineralized sulphate water. 
Data at other places in Connecticut, however, do not corroborate the 
conclusion that the shallower rock water is uniformly better than the 
deeper, and possibly the results of analyses of other rock waters in 
East Windsor would indicate opposite conditions. 

Analyses of water of drilled wells in East Windsor. 
[Parts per million; R. B. Dole, analyst.] 



Constituents. 



Total solids at 180° C 

Total hardness as CaCOs 

SUica(Si02) 

Iron (Fe) 

Calcium (Ca) 

Magnesium (Mg) 

Carbonate radicle (CO3) 

Bicarbonate radicle (HCO3) . 

Sulphate radicle (SO4) 

Chlorine (CI) 



202 
142 



Tr. 



182 
11 

6. 



.0 



849 
133 
10 
.15 

54 

1.5 

.0 

86 

344 

29 



1. Well of E. Newberry (PI. IX, No. 33), 143 feet deep; sample collected June 18, 1915. 

2. Well of Robert Bartlett (PI. IX, No. 27), 886 feet deep; sample coUected June 18, 1915. 



GROUND WATER TN THE HARTFORD AND OTHER AREAS, CONN. 87 



WINDSOR. 



POPULATION AND INDUSTRIES. 



Windsor, in the central part of the State, in Hartford County, is 
reached by the Hartford division of the New York, New Haven & 
Hartford Eailroad, with station at Windsor and flag stations at Wil- 
sons and Haydens; by electric railway from Hartford to Rainbow 
and from Springfield. Post offices are maintained at Windsor, 
Poquonock, Rainbow, and Wilson. 

Windsor was settled in 1635 and named in 1637. The area of the 
town is 31 square miles. 

The population of the town in 1910 was 4,178. The following 
table shows the status of population from 1756^ to 1910: 

Population of Windsor, 1756 to 1910. 



Year. 



1756 
1774 
1782 
1790 
1800 
1810 
1820 
1830. 



Popula- 
tion. 


Per cent 
increase. 


Per cent 
decrease. 


4,220 
2,125 
2,382 
2,714 
2,773 
2,868 
3,008 
3,220 








a 49 


12 
14 
2 
3 
5 
7 















Year. 


Popula- 
tion. 


Per cent 
increase. 


1840 


2,283 
3,294 
3,865 
2,^83 
3,058 
2,954 
3,614 
4,178 




1850 


44 
14 


I860 


18~0 


1880 


10 


1890 


1900 


22 
16 


1910 





Per cent 
decrease. 



29 



28 
"3 



o East Windsor was set off from Windsor in 1768. 

About one-third of Windsor is under cultivation. The principal 
industry is agriculture, the main crop grown being tobacco. 

Nearly one-half of the area included in the town is wooded. 

Water power is developed at Rainbow and Poquonock, both of 
which are situated on Farmington River. 

TOPOGRAPHY. 

Windsor lies entirely within the area once leveled by glacial lake 
deposits, and the present topography has been produced by the 
dissection of the lake plain. The highest elevation in the town — 
270 feet above sea level — is on the boundary near the northwest 
comer. At no other place does the elevation exceed 220 feet. The 
flood plain of Connecticut River, which is less than 20 feet above sea 
level, is about a mile wide near the mouth of Farmington River, 
but narrows both northward and southward from this locality, cov- 
ering an area of about 3 square miles. The average elevation of the 
town is about 150 feet, and about four-fifths of its area lies between 
100 and 200 feet above sea level, (See PL IX, in pocket.) 

Farmington River has cut a narrow, steep-walled valley across the 
town and its tributaries are short and straight, leaving considerable 
areas between them without adequate drainage. Small lakes and 
ponds are found on these areas after rains, and in two or three shallow 



88 GROUND WATER IN THE PIARTFORD AND OTHER AREAS, CONN. 

basins between Poquonock and North Bloomfield water stands 
tliroughout the year. Previous to the ice invasion Farmington 
Eiver probably flowed due south from Farmington through South- 
ington and Cheshire to the sound at New Haven. Its valley was 
dammed by glacial deposits at Soutliington, and the stream was 
deflected northward along the Talcott Mountains to Tariffville, where 
it found a passage through the range and then meandered across 
the lake plain in Windsor to Connecticut River. The total fall of 
the river within the hmits of Windsor is 100 feet. 

WATER-BEARING FORMATIONS. 

Bedrock. — Triassic sandstones and shales underlie the town and 
are exposed at several places along Farmington River and in some of 
the guUies tributary to it. Trap rocks do not outcrop in Windsor 
but appear at the surface near the town hne in East Granby and, 
overlain by sandstone, extend eastward through Windsor. Both the 
sandstones and the trap have been intensely fractured. Numerous 
cracks, cutting the rocks in all directions, dipping at all angles, and 
ranging from microscopic size to widths of several inches, afford 
storage for ground water. The occurrence of water under these 
conditions is discussed on page 20. 

Till. — The till consists of unstratified glacial debris deposited by 
the melting ice. The material is principally sand, but contains a 
small amount of clay and a large amount of gravel and bowlders. 
Till covers the rock in the north part of the town and in patches 
along Farmington River and southward to Wilson. The thickness 
of the till is variable, owing to the unevenness of the rock surface. 
In the deepest portions it is about 50 feet thick, but the average 
thickness is probably not more than 20 feet. 

Stratified drift. — Stratified drift occurs quite generally in Windsor. 
It consists chiefly of sand in the north parts of the town, but contains 
beds of clay in the extreme southern part. These deposits corre- 
spond in geologic position to the terraced deposits on the east side 
of Connecticut River in South Windsor (p. 15). 

GROUND-WATER SUPPLIES. 

Twenty-four shallow weUs, ranging in depth from 8 to 36 feet and 
averaging 16 feet, were examined. One of these, a driven point, 
10 feet deep and If inches in diameter, yielded a good supply of 
water; the others were dug wells of the usual diameter, about 2i 
feet. The approximate yield of three of the wells was determined 
as 3.5 gallons, 4 gallons, and 8 gallons a minute, respectively. One 
well which yielded a very small quantity at the time it was examined 



WINDSOR. 



89 



was said to fail in dry weather. Tlie quantity of water used was 
reported for 12 wells, the range being 15 to 60 gallons and the average 
26 gallons a day. All the wells examined end in the drift. 

The depth of drilled wells in Windsor, as estimated by examination 
of 10 wells, 7 of which end in bedrock, ranges from 44 to 337 feet 
and averages 147 feet. The yields were reported for 5 wells and 
range from 4 to 35 gallons, averaging 15 gallons a minute. The con- 
sumption, as determined for 6 wells, ranges from 20 to 45 gallons 
a day and averages 35 gallons. 

Measurements of 23 wells indicate that the water table lies 3 to 34 
feet below the surface of the ground in Windsor, the average depth 
being 12 feet. Owing to the incomplete drainage, however, water 
stands at the surface of the ground at many places between the 
stream courses during the greater part of the year, and in and near 
such places adequate water supphes are readily obtainable. The 
wide distribution of sand deposits in Windsor favors development 
by means of driven wells, which would meet a special need for the 
cultivation of tobacco, the growing of which is confined to the sand 
plains. 

RECORDS OF WELLS AND SPRINGS. 



Information concerning the wells and springs examined in Wind- 
sor is presented in the following tables: 

Dug wells in Windsor. 



Map 

No. 


Owner. 


Topo- 
graphic 
position. 


Elevar 

tion 

above 

sea level. 


Depth. 


Depth 

to 
water. 


Eleva- 
tion of 
water 
table 
above 
sea. 


Yield 

per 

minute. 


Amount 

used per 

day. 


4 




Plain 

Plain 

Valley.... 

Slope 

Slope 

Plain 

Plain 

Slope 

Plain 

Slope 

Plain 

Plain 

Plain 

Slope 

Plain 

Plain 

Plain 

Plain 

Slope 

Slope 

Slope 

Flat 

Hill 


Feet. 

120 

90 

100 

120 

92 

76 

130 

140 

145 

125 

130 

110 

110 

140 

90 

100 

100 

104 

90 

83 

35 

30 

55 


Feet. 
13 
18 
10 
20 
13 

9 
12 
27 
15 

8 

9 

8 

8.5 
15 
17 
20 
13 

9 
36 
32 
10 
18 
20 


Feet. 
10 
13 

7 
16 

9 

6 

9 
13 
12 

3 

7.5 

5.5 

6.5 
14 
15 
17 

9 

6 
33.5 
31.8 

7 
17 
14 


Feet. 
110 

77 

93 
104 

83 

70 
121 
127 
133 
122 
122.5 
104.5 
103.5 
126 

75 

83 

91 

98 


Gallons. 


Gallons. 


5 


Scheely 


8 


15 


6 






7 


W. H. DiclciTison 

L. J. Daniels 




20 


9 


(a) 




11 






12 


Henry M. Scott 




30 


13 




20 


14 


E . Delebrand 




25 


15 








17 


Wm. Cook 


4 


20 


18 


W. A. Graham 


18 


19 


do 






20 


Joe Twalcunis 






21 


Mrs. Rood 




15 


23 


John King 




40 


24 


Hensen. ." 




20 


25 








?8 


Mrs. Moore 







31 




51.2 
28 
13 
41 






34 


D. W. Bayley 




60 


35 


A . Christensen 







3fi 


Seth Marsh 


3.5 


30 









a Well goes dry. 



90 GROUND WATER IN THE HARTFORD AND OTHER AREAS, CONN. 

Drilled wells in Windsor. 



Map 
No. 


Owner 


Eleva- 
tion 
above 
sea level. 


Depth. 


Yield 

per 

mmute. 


Amonnt 

used per 

day. 


Depth 
to rock. 


Drilled 
in 

year. 


Cost. 


1 


Jacob Lang 


Feet. 

140 

140 

140 

100 

100 

85 

85 

80 

85 

80 


Feet. 

167 
62.5 

219 
a 167 
a 337 

o82 
a 111 
a 143 

135 
44 


Gallons. 

8 

Good. 


Gallons. 
45 


Feet. 
80 


1907 
1909 




?, 


Clark Bros 




3 


W.L. Wolfe 








10 


J. H. Smith 


Good. 
4 

35 

25 

5 




70 

97 

31.5 

31 

37 

35 


1906 
1910 
1908 
1900 
1909 
1906 
1898 


$334 


22 


John C. King 






26 


Albert ArnuJius 


25 
25 
25 
40 
20 




?7 


Mrs. 0. B. Moore 




29 


Mrs. Henry Fox. . . . 




80 


F. V. Mills 




S'' 


Bert Philips 


Good. 













a Sandstone. 
Springs in Windsor. 



Map 

No. 


Owner. 


Eleva- 
tion 
above 
sea level. 


Depth. 


Yield 

per 

mmute. 


8 


Merwin 


Feet. 
140 
25 


Feet. 


Gallons. 
3 


33 


N. Christenson 




1.5 











QUALITY OF GROUND WATER. 

The four analyses of water from drilled wells represent supplies 
moderate in mineral content but rather hard. They are all of the 
calcium carbonate type and low in sulphate and chlorine. 

Analyses of water from dnlled wells in Windsor. 
[Parts per million; R. B. Dole, analyst.] 



Constituents. 



Total solids at 180° C 

Total hardness as CaCOs- - - 

Iron(Fe) 

Carbonate radicle (CO3) 

Bicarbonate radicle (HCO3) 

Sulphate (SO4) 

Chlorine(Cl) 



1 


2 


3 


358 


172 


218 


190 


84 


155 


.10 


.30 


Tr. 


Tr. 


2.8 


4.8 


273 


137 


240 


24 


27 


11 


32 


4.4 


2.1 



195 
112 

Tr. 

Tr. 
202 

4.3 

6.4 



1. Well of F. V. Mills (PI. IX, No. 30), 135 feet deep; sample collected June 17, 1915. 

2. Well of J. H. Smith (PI. IX, No. 10), 167 feet deep; sample collected June 18, 1915. 

3. Well of Albert Amurius (PI. IX, No. 26), 82 feet deep; sample collected June 17, 1915. 

4. Well of Mrs. O. B. Moore (PI. IX, No. 27), 111 feet deep; sample collected June 17, 1915. 



BLOOMFIELD. 



POPULATION AND INDUSTRIES. 



Bloomfield, situated in the central part of Connecticut, in Hartford 
County, is reached by the Central New England Railway (stations at 
Cottage Grove, Bloomfield, and North Bloomfield), and by electric 
railway from Hartford. The post office is Bloomfield. Rural free 
delivery serves outlying parts of the town. 



BLOOMFIELD. 



91 



The town was incorporated in May, 1835. It has an area of 28 
square miles. 

The population of Bloomfield in 1910 was 1,821. The popalation 
from 1840 to 1910 is shown in the following table: 

Population of Bloomfield, 1840-1910. 



Year. 


Popula- 
tion. 


Per cent 
increase. 


Per cent 
decrease. 


Year. 


Popula- 
tion. 


Per cent 
increase. 


Per cent 
decrease. 


1840 


986 
1,412 
1,401 
1,473 






1880 


1,346 
1,308 
1,513 

1,821 




9 


1850 


43 




1890 

1900 

1910 




3 


1860. 




0.8 


15 
20 




1870 




5 











The principal industries in Bloomfield are dairying and agriculture. 
Tobacco is grown on a large scale. 

TOPOGRAPHY. 

The west border of Bloomfield lies along the crest of the Talcott 
Mountain range. The elevations along this border are 500 to 800 
feet above sea level. The land slopes steeply eastward and the level 
of the plains is reached within a distance of about 2 miles. The 
eastern two-thirds of the town stands about 150 feet above sea level 
and constitutes part of the lake plains which extend along both sides 
of Connecticut River above Hartford. 

Hog River is formed by the confluence of Wash Brook and other 
smaller brooks near Cottage Grove. Its headwaters receive the 
drainage from all parts of the town. The average fall of Wash Brook 
is about 6 feet to the mile. A very small amount of drainage passes 
into Mill Brook which crosses the extreme northeast corner. The 
eastern part of the town is very flat and the streams have not estab- 
lished a complete drainage system. There remain therefore many 
undrained or poorly drained areas which are swampy throughout the 
greater part of the year. (See PL IX, in pocket.) 

WATER-BEARING FORMATIONS. 

Bedrocks. — The indurated rocks in Bloomfield consist of Triassic 
sandstones, shales, and traps. The outcrops of the three trap sheets 
produced the Talcott Mountains. Sandstones overlie the traps in 
the eastern part of the town but are covered by drift. A character- 
istic feature of the bedrocks is the extensive fracturing, as a result of 
which they constitute an important reservoir for the storage of 
water (p. 40). 

Till. — Unstratified deposits of sand, gravel, bowlders, and small 
quantities of clay cover the rock on the hiUs along the west border 
of the town. These deposits vary in thickness according to the 



92 GROUND WATER IN THE HARTFORD AND OTHER AREAS, CONN. 

topography. On hilltops bedrock is exposed or barely covered, but 
on slopes the mantle is in some places 50 feet thick. The till extends 
eastward to the base of the hills. Its distribution is indicated by 
bowlder-strewn fields and stone fences and its thinness in general is 
indicated by the numerous outcrops of bedrocks. The quantity of 
water in the till is variable, depending on the rainfall, porosity of the 
material, and topographic position (p. 15). 

Stratified drift. — The plains in the eastern part of the town are part 
of the bed of an ancient lake which once occupied a large area in the 
Connecticut Valley north of Rocky Hill. The deposits here consist 
principally of sand with lenses of gravel along the west margin. The 
sand deposits in the central and eastern parts of the town range in 
thickness from 10 to 125 feet. They contain fairly large quantities of 
water and are porous enough to yield adequate suppHes for domestic 
use and the irrigation of tobacco fields (p. 15). 

GROUND- WATER SUPPLIES. 

In Bloomfield the depth of the water table below the surface of the 
ground, as determined by measurements of 44 wells, ranges from 5 to 
30 feet and averages 13 feet. The fluctuation is greatest in the hills 
along the west border of the town, where extreme variations are com- 
mon, owing to the rapid underflow on the steep slopes. In the east 
half of the town the stratified deposits are thick and the underflow is 
not rapid. At many places water stands on the surface throughout 
the year. In this section the fluctuation is very slight. 

Forty-six dug and driven wells examined in Bloomfield range in 
depth from 7 to 43 feet and average 18 feet. Three of these are 
reported to pass entirely through the drift and to penetrate rock. 
The quantity of water used, as reported for 20 wells, ranges from 2 to 
50 gallons a day and averages about 20 gallons. 

Six of the driven wells in the northeast corner of the town range 
in depth from 10 to 25 feet, the average being 16 feet, and the points 
commonly used are 3 feet long and If inches in diameter. These 
weUs obtain water in the stratified deposits and furnish suppHes for 
domestic needs and for tobacco irrigation. 

Thirteen of the drilled weUs range in depth from 28 to 190 feet and 
average 98 feet. Eight of these weUs draw water from bedrock. 
Ten wells were reported to yield 5 to 20 gallons a minute, the average 
being 13 gallons. The quantity of water used, as reported for four 
weUs, ranged from 5 to 75 gallons a day, and the daily average per 
weU was about 50 gallons. The wells cost $100 to $300; the average 
for five wells was $226. 

Six springs examined in Bloomfield yielded one-half gallon to 11 
gallons a minute and averaged 4J gallons. Four of these furnish 



BLOOMFIELD. 



93 



private supplies, the quantities used ranging from 20 to 400 gallons a 
day and averaging 153 gallons. 

The small gravity springs found along the slopes of Talcott Moun- 
tains are both convenient and economical for use where arrange- 
ments can be made to deliver their water to houses and barns. In 
the hilly sections of the town, where springs are not available, suitable 
supplies can probably be obtained from dug wells equipped as 
described on page 43. 

On the sand plains in the eastern part of the town driven wells are 
recommended for domestic use and for tobacco irrigation. In the 
areas where unstratified drift constitutes the rock cover driven wells 
can not be used to advantage, but dug wells wiU generally furnish 
insufficient water for domestic needs. 

Drilled wells are not dependent on the character of the rock or drift 
and may be expected to fiu'nish moderate quantities of water 
anywhere in the town. 



RECORDS OF WELLS AND SPRINGS. 



The available information concerning the weUs and springs of 
Bloomfield is presented in the following tables : 

Drilled wells in Bloomfield. 



Map 
No. 


Owner. 


Elevation 

above 
sea level. 


Depth. 


Yield 

per 

mmute. 


Amount 

used per 

day. 


Depth 
to rock. 


Drilled 
in 

year— 


Cost. 


20 


A. C. Ca^e 


Feet. 
210 
215 
218 
130 
135 
125 
125 
135 
125 
135 
145 
160 
110 
164 


Feet. 

60 

40 

a 96 

147 

136 

6 40 

28 

85 

138 

cl90 

cl35 


Gallons. 

6 



14 


Cfallons. 





5 

60 

50 


Feet. 
7 
7 
6 






21 


do 






22 


do 






44 


Henrv Keeny 


1899 
1899 
1911 
1897 
1911 
1911 
1909 




46 


Alfred Marshall 








50 


Post offi ce 


10 
20 

5 
20 

8 
12 




$100 


51 


W. L. Bumham 


75 


28 
75 
69 

82 
58 




52 


Mrs. G. K. Marvin 




53 


H. C. Cadwell 






54 


Jas. Francis 




380 


55 


TTntHhipsf^n 




220 


61 


Carrol Davis 

Edw. McKune 






72 


dllO 
c63 


20 
15 






1904 
1899 


330 


75 


Geo. J. Maher 




26 


100 









a Trap; schist; trap. 



b Till; hardpan. c Hardpan; black shale. 

Springs in Bloomfield. 



d Sand; quicksand. 



Map 
No. 


Owner. 


Elevation 

above 
sea level. 


Yield 

per 

mmute. 


Amount 

used per 

day. 


Improvements. 


1 


Adams 


Feet. 
140 
150 
199 

290 
165 
130 
140 
90 


Gallons . 


Gallons. 
40 
20 
150 




3 
25 


W. Waugh 

A. Kelly 


0.5 
11 

10 
4 
.75 
.5 


Compressed-air system; gas 

engine. 
Piped to buildings. 


29 


Connecticut Children's Aid 

Gillmartin 


35 


400 


47 


W. C. Hubbard 


Piped to house. 


57 


W. C. Wade 




67 


P.O. Banfield 

















94 GROUND WATER IN THE HARTFORD AND OTHER AREAS, CONN. 

Dug wells in Bloomjield. 



Map 
No. 


Owner. 


Topo- 
graphic 
position. 


Elevation 

above 
sea level. 


Depth. 


Depth 

to 
water. 


Elevation 
of water 

table 
above sea. 


Yield per 
minute. 


Amount 

used 
per day. 


Depth to 
rock. 


4 




Flat 

Flat 

Hill 

HiU 

Slope 

Slope 

Flat 

Flat 

Slope.... 

Slope 

Hill 

HiU 

Hill 

Slope 

Slope 

Slope.... 
Valley . . 
Slope.... 
Slope.... 

Slope 

Slope.... 
Slope.... 
Hill. .... 
Slope.... 
Slope.... 

Hill 

Hill 

Hill 

Flat 

Flat 

Flat 

HiU 

HiU 

Flat 

Flat 

Flat 

Flat 

Flat 

HiU 

Slope.... 

Flat 

Flat 

Flat 

Flat 

Flat 

Slope.... 


Feet. 
185 
185 
227 
225 
200 
225 
155 
158 
285 
275 
210 
210 
145 
195 
200 
190 
200 
185 
200 
195 
195 
200 
178 
125 
165 
165 
127 
135 
115 
115 
135 
120 
120 
125 
120 
130 
160 
140 
145 
125 
130 
110 
100 
110 
115 
159 


Feet. 
32 
19 
20 

9 
20 
16 
17 
20 
13 
11 

9 
11 
21 
25 
30 
10 
25 
17 
16 
20 
15 
14 
21 
16 
22 
15 
14.5 
33 
10 

7 
22 
18 
18 
19 
13 
10 
16 
18 
43 
11 

14.5 
18 
20 
14 
30 
13 


Feet. 
30 


Feet. 
155 


Gallons. 


Gallons. 


Feet. 


5 










fi 


Victor Brzenski... 
do 


17.5 

7.5 
15 

9 
11 
16 
10 

9 

5 

7 

14 
15 






6 


7 


117.5 

185 

216 

144 

142 

275 

266 

205 

203 

131 

180 






S 


Belzinski 








9 


Howard Bloomer. . 








14 








15 


L. M. Banning 




20 




16 






17 










18 


A. C. Case 








19 


do 




10 




?3 








24 


A.Kelly 






45 


15 


?fi 


Eugene Barnard.. 






?7 


8 
24 
15.5 
14 
14 
13 
13 
17 
11 
21 
11 
12 
30.5 

8 

5 
21.5 
14 
14 

7.5 

8.3 

7 

13.5 
16.5 
15 

8 
11.5 

8.5 
19 
11 
27 
10 


182 

176 

169.5 

186 

181 

182 

187 

161 

114 

144 

154 

115 

104.5 

107 

110 

113.5 

106 

106 

117.5 

111.7 

123 

146.5 

123.5 

130 

117 

118.5 

101.5 

81 

59 

88 
140 






•>8 


H. M. Myrick 

0. Johnson 




20 




30 






31 


(a) 
(a) 


6 




32 


Burnham 


13 


33 




50 
20 




34 


F. W. Legeyt 


(«) 




36 




37 


W. J. Cooley 

C. H. Cooley... 

Capin Bros 

Geo. Humphrey. . . 

W. P. Francis 

C.F.Foster 

do 




25 





38 


(a) 




39 


• 


40 








41 








4? 




12 
2 

5 
5 

30 
10 
30 
10 
20 
15 




43 






45 


Alfred MarshaU 
W.C.Hubbard.... 
Eddv 


(a) 




48 




49 






56 








58 


Mohlolz 






59 


0. Blasig 






60 


Mills 






6? 


Louise Asterm ill. . . 

A.A.MiUs 

J. Bumham 

A.Christ 






65 


4 




66 




68 








69 


A.M. Spenser 

G. R. Olin.... 




35 




70 






71 








73 


Rathman 




io 




74 


Wm. Rockwell 















a WeU goes dry. 
Driven wells in Bloomjield. 



Map 

No. 


Owner. 


Topo- 
graphic 
position. 


Elevation 

above 
sea level. 


Depth. 


Diameter. 


Yield per 
minute. 


2 


Barns 


Flat 

Flat 

Flat 

Flat 

Flat 


Feet. 
180 
180 
180 
180 


Feet. 
25 
15 
15 
15 


Inches. 
1.5 


Gallons. 
2.5 


10 


Griffen-Newberger Tobacco Co 




11 


do 






12 


do 






13 








63 




Flat 

Flat 


130 
120 


10 
13 






64 


Mix 















QUALITY OF GROUND WATER. 



The water from the 63-foot well of George J. Maher was analyzed 
as indicated in the accompanying table and was found to be hard 
and rather high in its content of chlorine. 



STAMFOKD. 



95 



Analysis of water from the 63 foot drilled well of George J. Maker (PL IX, No. 75), col- 
lected June 17, 1915. 

[R. B. Dole, analyst.] 

Parts per 
million. 

Total solids at 180° C 722 

Total hardness as CaCOg 387 

SiUca (SiOg) 10 

Iron (Fe) 1.5 

Calcium (Ca) 95 

Magnesium (Mg) 26 

Carbonate radicle (CO3) Tr. 

Bicarbonate radicle (HCO3) 75 

Sulphate radicle (SO4) 19 

Chlorine (CI) 245 

STAMFORD. 
POPULATION AND INDUSTRIES. 

The town of Stamford is in the southwest part of Fairfield County, 
bordering Long Island Sound. It is reached by the New York divi- 
sion of the New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad, which has 
stations at Stamford and Glenbrook; by the New Canaan branch of 
the same road, with stations at Glenbrook, Springdale, and Talmadge 
Hill; by steamboat from New York; by stage from Pound Ridge and 
Bedford in New York, Long Ridge, High Ridge, and North Stam- 
ford; and by trolley from Darien, Greenwich, Sound Beach, Spring- 
dale, Shippen Point, and Glenbrook. Post offices are maintained at 
Stamford, Glenbrook, and Springdale. Rural free delivery covers 
outlying parts of the town. 

The area of Stamford is 38 square miles. It was settled in 1641 
under New Haven jurisdiction, was named in 1642, and was incor- 
porated under Connecticut in October, 1662. 

The population of the town in 1910 was 28,836; of the city, 25,128. 
The population of the town from 1756 to 1910 is shown in the follow- 
ing table: 

Population of town of Stamford, 1756 to 1910. 



Year. 


Popula- 
tion. 


Per cent 
increase. 


Per cent 
decrease. 


Year. 


Popular 
tion. 


Per cent 
increase. 


Per cent 
decrease. 


1756 


2,768 
3, 563 
3,834 






1840 


3,516 

5,000 

7,185 

9,714 

11,297 

15,700 

18,839 

28,836 






1774 


22 

8 




1850 


44 
44 
35 
16 
40 
20 
53 




1782 




I860 




1790 




1870 




1800 


4,352 
4,440 
3,284 
3,707 






1880 




1810 


2 




1890 




1820 


26 


1900 




1830 


13 


1910 













The chief industries are agriculture and the manufacture of arti- 
ficial leather, bronzes, camphor, carriages, cocoa, cod-liver oil, 



96 GROUND WATER IN THE HARTFORD AND OTHER AREAS, CONN. 

chocolate, drugs, dyestuffs, extracts, furs, hats, ink, insulated wire 
and cable supplies for rubber manufacturers, iron castings, japans 
and varnish, knit goods, locks, machinery, music boxes, Paris white, 
paints, pianos, pottery, sliirtwaists, shoes, stoves, thread, and 
whiting. 

TOPOGRAPHY. 

The surface of the town is, in general, rugged. Elevations exceed- 
ing 100 feet are found within a quarter of a mile of the shore, and 
the hills increase in height northward, reaching an elevation of 570 
feet on the north boundary in the northwest comer of the town. 
The topography of Stamford has been produced by the dissection of 
a plateau and the subsequent deposition of glacial drift over the 
surface. With the possible exception of a few drift mounds, the hills 
are remnants of an old highland gashed by innumerable stream 
valleys, which are lined with glacial deposits. (See PI. X, in pocket.) 

The principal rivers are the Rippowam, the Mianus, and the 
Noroton. The Mianus is the largest stream, but it Hes near the 
boundary in the northwestern comer of the town and its drainage 
area in Stamford is comparatively small. In the vicinity of Kiver- 
bank the valley of this stream is constricted and the river falls 60 
feet in less than a quarter of a mile, but north of Riverbank for a 
distance of 2 miles there is a flat, marshy valley floor, the remnant 
of a small glacial lake. Noroton River forms the east boundary of 
the town from 1^ miles above Springdale to the Sound, and it also 
drains only a small part of Stamford. Rippowam River passes 
through the town from north to south, and, with its tributaries, 
drains the greater part of it. 

About one-fourth the area of Stamford, comprising most of the 
slopes, is forested. In the northern part of the to^vn woods extend 
well into the vaUeys. The hilltops are generally bowlder-strewn 
grass lands. The plowed lands comprise less than one-quarter of 
the town, the small gardens and grain fields being separated by 
relatively large meadows. 

WATER-BEARING FORMATIONS. 

Bedrocks. — The indurated rocks of Stamford are crystalline schists 
and gneisses. They are exposed in many places and are encountered 
in all of the driUed wells, in many of the dug weUs, and even in the 
excavations for buildings in the city. The rock surface is uneven 
and appears to correspond very closely to the topography of the 
present land surface. Almost aU the hills reveal rock ledges on 
their slopes and crests, and in many places the rivers have rock beds. 
AU these rocks are cut by joints that afford passage for water, which 
can frequently be seen trickhng from them in the exposures alon^ 



STAMFOED. 97 

the roadsides. For further discussions of water in the bedrock see 
page 40. 

Till. — Unstratified glacial deposits are found in all parts of the 
town except in some places along the shore, where beach sand has 
accumulated, and in narrow belts along the principal streams, where 
stratified drift is found. Unstratified deposits abound in bowlders, 
some of which are 2 feet in diameter, and over large tracts the bowl- 
ders he at the surface so close together as to almost touch. Where 
the land is tilled they have been in large part cleared away and used 
in building fences. In a few places the mantle of till is 60 to 75 feet 
thick; in general it is thin, and the average thickness is probably not 
more than 20 feet. Rocks are exposed in practically all the hills 
and in most places the streams have rocky beds. Many of the do- 
mestic water supphes in the rural districts are obtained from the till. 

Stratified drift. — The stratified drift occurs in a manner suggesting 
that it was deposited by glacial streams that occupied valleys prac- 
tically identical with the valleys that contain the present streams. 
Kamelike deposits of stratified material are found in the northern 
part of the town, and stratified deposits form a conspicuous terrace 
in the southern part of the town, just north of the city of Stamford, 
on the east side of Mill River. The shore line is digitate, and the 
inner margins, as, for example, the shore of Wescott Cove, are sand 
beaches; the projections, however, such, for example, as Shipman 
Point, are covered with till. The gravel deposits in the northern part 
of the town and immediately north of the city should afford good 
supplies of water to driven wells, the conditions being especially 
favorable in the vicinity of Springdale and Glenbrook. For discus- 
sion of the occurrence of water in stratified deposits see page 15. 

SURFACE-WATER SUPPLIES. 

The topography of the north half of Stamford is favorable to the 
utihzation of surface-water supplies. Streams and springs are numer- 
ous, and the slopes are steep and thinly covered with drift, affording 
suitable conditions for controlling the run-off. The reservoir of the 
Stamford water department is situated in the valley of Rippowam 
River at North Stamford. A small dam has been constructed on a 
short tributary of the Mianus in the northwest corner of the town to 
control a seldom-used emergency supply of 14,000,000 gallons for 
Greenwich. 

Sites at which impounding reservoirs could be built are numerous 
in the northern part of Stamford. The best site is probably that in 
the valley of Mianus River in the vicinity of Riverbank. 

No sewage enters the streams in the northern part of Stamford 
except that from the usual rural settlements, but owing to the rough 
97889°— wsp 374—16 7 



98 GROUND WATER IN THE HARTFORD AND OTHER AREAS, CONN. 

topography and the steep slopes a large proportion of domestic and 
farm wastes is washed into the streams. 

GROUND-WATER SUPPLIES. 

Almost all the shallow wells in Stamford are sunk in glacial tiU 
and most of them either penetrate or closely approach bedrock. In 
the areas of deeper drift, as in the southeast part of the town, a bed 
of coarse gravel with some clay furnishes a good permanent supply 
wherever wells have penetrated it. Where the drift is thinner water 
is obtained chiefly from a zone of comparatively thin deposits just 
above the rock. The rough surface affords numerous small drainage 
slopes which are favorable for both dug wells and springs, and few 
wells fail in dry seasons. 

In the deeper vaUeys, such as that of Noroton River, water is easily 
obtainable and is abundant, as these vaUeys generally contain de- 
posits of sand and gravel. A well sunk by Mr. Waterbury, in Glen- 
brook, illustrates a practical method of procuring good supplies in 
such places. The well was made by driving a 6-inch well casing 
through 30 feet of sand to a bed of gravel. It was completed in a 
few hours and its yield was larger than could be determined by the 
methods commonly employed in pumping drilled wells. It is situ- 
ated near Noroton River and ends at a level below the bed of the 
stream. 

The range in depth of 139 shallow wells examined in this town lies 
only between 10 and 30 feet and the average depth is about 20 feet. 
The average yield, as computed from reports on 7 wells, is 3.7 gallons 
a minute, but the true average of aU the wells would probably be 
less than 3 gallons a minute. Out of 35 weUs, including none that 
were unused, the average daily consumption was found to be about 
20 gallons to the well. 

Of the wells examined 1 1 were said to have failed in dry seasons, 
and 24 were said never to have failed. No. information was obtained 
on this point concerning the remaining 104 wells. 

All the drilled wells in Stamford of which records were obtained 
end in crystalline rocks. With few exceptions, these wells yield 
water that is sufficient and suitable for domestic use. The number of 
drilled wells in the city of Stamford is relatively large, notwithstand- 
ing the fact that city water is abundant, because some people using 
large quantities of water consider it cheaper to obtain water from 
weUs than from the public system. The higher parts of the city are 
not reached by the gravity system in use, and although pumping is 
resorted to in some places, drilled wells are commonly used instead. 
The average depth of 31 of the drilled weUs in Stamford is 208 feet, 
the deepest being 454 feet and the shallowest 75 feet. The yields of 
24 wells range from 3 to 75 gallons a minute and average 30 gallons. 



STAMFOED. 99 

The average daily consumption from 13 wells was found to be about 
400 gallons. 

Owing to favorable topographic conditions there are many springs 
along the streams and on the hillsides, but practically aU fluctuate 
more or less with the seasons. The yield rarely exceeds 2 gallons a 
minute and the average is considerably less than 1 gallon. A num- 
ber of such springs are utihzed for domestic supphes and a few, such 
as Varuna Spring, furnish water that is sold. All the springs that 
were examined in Stamford are gravity springs situated on hillsides 
or at the foot of slopes and draw water from the drift. 

PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES. 

Stamford is supplied with water chiefly from a reservoir in the 
basin of Kippowam River, near North Stamford, but reserve sup- 
plies are stored in Mead Pond and Trinity Lake, both in Pound 
Ridge, New York. The main reservoir has an area of 114 acres, an 
average depth of 13 feet, and a capacity of 512,000,000 gallons. 
The capacity of Mead Pond is 80,000,000 gallons, and that of Trinity 
Lake is 450,000,000 gallons. About 20,000 inhabitants are supplied 
with water from this system and the consumption amounts to 
2,000,000 gallons a day, or 100 gallons per capita. The water is gath- 
ered from an area of 22 square miles and suffices to maintain an over- 
flow at the dam during most of the year. In the summer of 1910 
the water in the main reservoir was drawn to 4 feet below the crest of 
the dam, but even then more than three months' supply was in the 
reservoir when the rains came and fiUed it to overflowing. 

Springdale is suppHed from two drilled weUs, one of which has a 

surface elevation of 140 feet, is 454 feet deep, and yields 50 gallons 

per minute. The following log of this well was furnished by the 

driUer: 

Log of drilled well at Springdale waterworks. 

Thickness. Depth. 

Feet. Feet. 

Bowlder clay 16 10 

Granite 84 100 

" Hard glassy rock" (quartzite) 300 400 

"Soft black micaceous rock" 54 454 

To insure against emergencies occasioned by fires or disability of 
pumps the second well was drilled. This well, which was com- 
pleted in November, 1911, has a surface elevation of 90 feet, is 510 
feet deep, and yields 45 gallons a minute. About 300 people are 
supplied from the Springdale system, and the daily consumption is 
15,000 gallons, or 50 gallons per capita. 

RECORDS OF WELLS AND SPRINGS. 

The available information concerning the wells and springs of 
Stamford is presented in the following tables: 



100 GROUND WATER IN THE HARTFORD AND OTHER AREAS, CONN. 



o 



§1 


ggg| 


PJ3 


C^CCl^S 


OP. 


OOOIIh 



d -^ o d d d d 

<U S rj 03 <» <C © 

OPiC^OOOO 



d d-^ d d d 

4) 0) R (» <B ® 

OOf^OOO 



d d d d d dd"^ d d d d d d-^ 

O O OOOOOPhOOOOOOPl, 



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104 GROUND WATER IN THE HARTFORD AND OTHER AREAS, CONN. 

Drilled wells in Stamford. 



^fap 
No. 


Owner. 


Topo- 
graphic 
position. 


Elevation 

above 
sea level. 


Depth. 


Yield 

per 

minute. 


Amount 

used per 

day. 


Depth 
to rock. 


Diam- 
eter. 


Drilled 

In 
year— 


1 


E. B. Hoyt (resi- 
dence). 
E.Y.Webber 


Hill 

Slope 

Slope. . . 
Slope. . . 
Slope. . . 
Slope.. . 

Hill 

Valley . . 

Slope. . . 
Hill 

Slope. . . 

Flat 

Hill 

Slope. . . 
Slope. . . 

Hill 

Slope. . . 

Hill 

Hill 

Hill 

Hill 

Hill 

Hill 

Hill 

Slope. . . 

Hill 

Hill 


Feet. 
90 

60 
60 
55 
80 
So 
130 
75 

100 
150 

^70 
28 
290 
270 
300 
310 
220 

215 
310 
310 
290 
290 
240 
230 
140 
160 
160 
200 
195 
40 

135 
290 
230 
315 


Feet. 
200 
150 


Galh. 
45 
35 


Galh. 


Feet. 
60 
40 


Inches. 
8 
8 


1909 


2 

4 


500 


1906 
o 1911 


5 

8 


George Webber 

Hartlett 


208 
80 
90 

400 
95 

454 
510 

100 
250 
301 
90 
200 
130 
310 

183 

275 
150 
275 
183 
176 
153 
200 
300 
412 
300 
155 
135 

150 
132 
205 
129 


40 
2 
3 

10 
4 


500 
50 
50 


12 

18 

10 





I 16 

1 ^^ 

J>45 
20 


8 


1904 
1904 


9 


Fovr^l 




1907 


11 


Fred Berg 




1910 


12 


McDougall 


SO 






13 


Springdale Water Co. 
do 


48 If 1?'000 






14 


45 

+ 7 
20 

ch' 

50 
25 
50 

4 
25 
20 
12 
70 


•? to 

[ 15,000 




1911 


24 


W. M. Raymond 

Advocate Co 


6 




33 


2,000 

200 




1896 


38 


W. W. Daschield.... 
do 






39 


1 


1905 


51 


Town Farm 



30 




1897 


52 


Mrs. Towns 







1900 


62 


Varima Spring War 
ter Co. 

Andrew Boyd 

J. N. Robbins ... 

Varian 


8 




74 





50 
40 


dl909 


80 


4,000 




1609 


81 


6 
6 
6 


1899 


82 


O'Flinn 






8.3 


Rothchilds 




60 


1901 


84 


Robert Kerr 






85 


J. C. Bickel 


15 

5 
3 

10 
50 

5 

4 
8 
8 


50 
400 
100 








89 


Kans Bros 






1910 


92 


A.E.Mitchell 

Mrs. Holbrook 

H. Pahner 








93 








103 







20 


20 


20 




1903 


104 


James Weed 


Hill 

Valley.. 

Slope. . . 

Hill 

Hill 

Hill 


75 
30,000 




1901 


114 


Stamford Sanato- 
rium. 

Mrs. Gross 

E.P. Bro-n-n 

W. H. Childs 

Mrs. GurtrudeHall.. 




1897 


119 




1896 


123 
148 


40 

60 




6 


1910 


165 
168 


6 


1911 
a 1911 


173 
174 


H. G. Ogden 

Dr. Morris 


Slope. . . 
Ravine.. 


190 


310 


10 


60 


8 



8 


oigii" 


175 


Mayer Ice Co 

Diamond Ice Co 

A. Lynch 


Valley.. 

Flat 

Flat 


35 
25 


104 
90 


75 








176 




50 






177 




eO 






178 


E.B. Hoyt (market). 

Mrs. Alexander 

W.D.Baldwin 

Crane 


Flat 

Shore... 
Shore... 

HiU 

HiU 

Slope 

Shore... 

Shore... 
Shore... 


30 

15 

17 

155 

265 

140 

12 

12 

12 


140 

192 
250 
300 
200 
183 
300 

250 
40 


40 

30 
15 
70 


40 
10 






179 


15,000 






180 






182 




60 
50 
25 
20 

20 
20 




1902 


184 


Miss Smith 




6 


1897 


189 


C. Eckert 

Stamford Gas & Elec- 
tric Co. 
do 


100 
go 

go 
go 


1902 


190 




1911 


191 




1911 


192 


do 




1911 











a Incomplete when visited. 

bTill. 

c Well is now dry. 

d WeU cost $500. 



e Water is foul. 

/ Salt water is obtained after one-haLf hour's pumping. 

Water is salty. 



Springs in Stamford. 



Map 
No. 


Owner. 


Topographic 
position. 


Elevation 

above 
sea level. 


Yield 

per 

mmute. 


Improvements. 


17 


Schofel & Miller 


Slope 


Feet. 
120 
226 
330 
230 
230 


Gallons. 
0.5 
10 
4 




27 


A. Hatch 


Slope 


Concrete reservoir. 


35 


C.A.Bruce 


Foot of slope.. 
Slope 


Piped to horse trough. 


61 


Varuna Spring Water Co 

J.B.Strang 




167 


Foot of slope.. 


1 











GEEENWICH. 



105 



QUALITY OF GROUND WATER. 

Analyses of water from three drilled wells in Stamford are given 
in the accompanying table. They represent moderately mineralized, 
moderately hard waters low in content of sulphate and chlorine. 

Analyses of water of drilled wells in Stamford. 
[Parts per million; R. B. Dole, analyst.) 



Constituents. 



Total solids at 180° C 

Total hardness as CaCOj 

Silica (SiOz) 

Iron(Fe) 

Carbonate radicle (COg) 

Bicarbonate radicle (HCO3) 

Sulphate radicle (SO4) 

Chlorine (CI) 



1. Well of Kans Bros. (PI. X, No. 89), 200 feet deep; sample collected June 26, 1915. 

2. Well of Mrs. Gross (PI. X, No. 119), 150 feet deep; sample collected June 26, 1915. 

3. Well of C. Eckert (PI. X, No. 189), 183 feet deep; sample collected June 26, 1915. 



1 


2 


127 


250 


63 


133 


12 
Tr. 




.10 


.0 


.0 


106 


131 


14 


38 


2.4 


19 



138 
71 



Tr. 

.0 
87 
23 



GREENWICH. 



POPULATION AND INDUSTRIES. 



Greenwich is in the southwest corner of Connecticut, in Fairfield 
County. It is reached by the New York division of the New York, 
New Haven & Hartford Railroad (stations at Greenwich, Cos Cob, 
Riverside, and Sound Beach); by steamboat from New York daily 
during the summer and triweekly during the winter; by stage from 
Port Chester, N. Y., to the villages of Glenville and Pemberwick; 
and by trolley from Port Chester and Stamford. Post offices are 
maintained at Greenwich, Cos Cob, Glenville, Riverside, and Sound 
Beach. 

Greenwich was settled by the Dutch in 1640 and was acquired by 
Connecticut from New York in 1662. The area of the town is 49 
square miles. 

The population of the town of Greenwich in 1910 was 16,463, of 
the borough, 3,886. The population of the town from 1756 to 1910 
is shown in the following table: 

Population of Greenwich, 1756 to 1910. 



Year. 



1756. 
1774. 
1782. 
1790. 
1800. 
1810. 
1820. 
1830. 



Popula- 
tion. 



2,051 
2,776 
2,623 



3,047 
3,533 
3,790 
3,801 



Per cent 
increase. 



37 



Per cent 
decrease. 



Year. 



1840 
1850 
1860 
1870 
1880 
1890 
1900 
1910 



Popula- 


Per cent 


tion. 


increase. 


3,921 


4 


5,036 


27 


6.522 


30 


7,644 


17 


7,892 


3 


10,131 


28 


12.172 


20 


16,463 


36 



Per cent 
decrease. 



106 GROUND WATER IK THE HARTFORD AND OTHER AREAS, CONN. 

The principal industries are agriculture and the manufacture of 
belting, woolens, hardware, etc. The town is a resort for New York 
City people during the summer, and there are many large country 
estates not essentially devoted to agriculture. 

TOPOGRAPHY. 

Greenwich is a highland town and its topography is characteristic 
of the highland areas. The land rises rapidly from the shore and 
reaches an elevation of 615 feet on the northwest boundary. In 
general, the topography is less rugged in Greenwich than in the 
adjoining town of Stamford; the divides are broader and the slopes 
gentler, but the relief is somewhat greater. In the southern half the 
average relief is about 100 feet; in the northern half about 250 feet. 

The principal streams in Greenwich are Mianus River, Byram 
River, Greenwich Creek, and Horseneck Brook. Byram River, the 
largest, drains about half of the town. Greenwich Creek and Horse- 
neck Brook receive most of the drainage from the eastern half. 
Mianus River enters the town about 2 miles above its mouth and 
receives very little drainage in Greenwich. The stream valleys are 
narrow, and there is an average fall of about 50 feet to the mile. 
The effect of glaciation is shown by five swampy areas, the remnants 
of small glacial lakes. (See PI. X, in pocket.) 

WATER-BEARING FORMATIONS. 

Bedrocks. — Crystalline schists, gneisses, and granites constitute 
the larger part of the rock floor in Greenwich, but a small area in the 
northwest corner of the town is underlain by crystalline limestone. 
As a result of earth movements in past geologic time the bedrocks 
of this region have been thoroughly fractured throughout the upper 
zone. Irregular cracks extend from the surface to depths of several 
hundred feet and they constitute the only important source of water 
in these rocks. Cracks wide enough to allow a ready passage of 
water are, however, exceedingly rare at depths greater than about 
300 feet, and it is therefore not usually advisable to sink wells deeper. 

The bedrocks everywhere lie near the surface and are exposed in 
a great many places. Some varieties of gneiss weather very readily, 
and where these are exposed, as, for example, in the railroad cuts 
between the Stamford and Greenwich raiboad stations, they form 
comparatively soft and shaly masses. Most of the rocks, however, 
have withstood weathering to such an extent that their appearance 
is not altered even in localities where they have been long exposed 
to attack of the atmosphere. 

Till. — TiU, which consists of mixtures of bowlders, sand, and clay, 
covers all the higher lands and is the predominating rock cover. It 



GREENWICH. 107 

ranges in thickness up to about 80 feet, but the average is not more 
than 25 feet. On most of the hills the covering of till is thin and 
bedrock protrudes in many places, but some of the hills consist 
almost entirely of till. 

Stratified drift. — Stratified drift, consisting of layers of sand and 
gravel without bowlders, lies at the surface along the principal stream 
courses, but it is generally thin, exceeding 30 feet in thickness at only 
a few places. This material is most conspicuous in the vicinity of 
Round Hill. Deposits of beach sand occur at a few places along 
the shore, but in general the till extends down to the water line. 
(Seep. 15.) 

SURFACE-WATER SUPPLIES. 

The principal surface-water developments in Greenwich are on 
Putnam, Rockwood, and Converse lakes, the last two ^'lakes'' being 
in fact artificial reservoirs formed by the construction of dams. 
Putnam and Rockwood lakes ' supply the Greenwich waterworks. 
Converse Lake is said also to have been intended for the municipal 
system, but it has been used for the public supply only in emergency. 
Putnam Lake is in the upper part of the basin of Horseneck Brook, 
at an elevation of about 282 feet above sea level. Rockwood Lake 
is at the head of Greenwich Creek near Stanwich, at an elevation of 
about 300 feet above sea level. Converse Lake is at the head of the 
east branch of Byram River near Banksville, its upper lobe extending 
a short distance into New York. There are a few power plants on 
Byram River and at North Mianus on Mianus River 

GROUND-WATER SUPPLIES. 

In the rural districts of Greenwich water is most commonly obtained 
from dug wells. Forty dug wells, ranging in depth from 11 to 36 
feet and averaging 16 feet, were examined. Thirty-four of these 
wells end in till and five ia sand; one ends at the rock surface, and 
seven penetrate rock. The depth to rock in eight wells ranges from 
8 to 26 feet and averages 16 feet. The depth to water, as determined 
by measurements of 40 wells, ranges from 7 to 24 feet and averages 
12 feet. The average yield, determined by measurement of five wells, 
is 3 gallons a minute, or about 4,500 gallons a day, the greatest yield 
being 4 gallons and the least 1.5 gallons. Reports of the quantity of 
water used from 24 wells show a maximum under 40 gallons a day 
and average |ibout 20 gallons. Four of the wells examined are said 
to fall frequently. 

Twenty-four drilled wells, ranging in depth from 70 to 1,000 feet 
and averaging 331 feet, were examined; excluding eight wells that 
are 500 feet or more in depth, the average depth is 233 feet. The 
position of bedrock in 21 wells ranges from the surface to 100 feet 



108 GROUND WATER IN THE HARTFORD AND OTHER AREAS, CONN. 

below, and, including 13 wells which start on rock, average depth to 
rock is 16 feet. The maximum yield reported was 60 gallons a minute, 
and the average, excluding two dry wells, is about 12.5 gallons. 

The daily consumption reported for seven wells ranges from about 
25 to 500 gallons and averages about 180 gallons a well. 

The average annual fluctuation of the water level in the wells of 
Greenwich, as determined from observations of four wells during 
1912, is 9 feet, the greatest fluctuation being 12 feet and the least 
6 feet. Wells situated on low flats generally show the least fluctua- 
tion, those on hillsides near the tops of slopes show the greatest 
fluctuation (fig. 2, p. 18). The average depth to the water table as 
determined from measurements of 40 wells in the town is about 12 
feet. These measurements were made in June, 1912, when the water 
level was approximately at its average position. 



PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES. 

The borough of Greenwich obtains water from two reservoirs in 
the central part of the town, one, Putnam Lake, in the valley of 
Horseneck Brook, and the other, Rockwood Lake, at the headwaters 
of Greenwich Creek. Putnam Lake covers 105 acres and holds 
570,000,000 gallons. Rockwood Lake covers 106|^ acres and holds 
460,000,000 gallons. A reservoir with a capacity of 14,000,000 gal- 
lons is situated on a small tributary of Mianus River in Stamford, 
but has been rarely utilized. A drought during the winter of 1910 
necessitated drawing temporarily from Converse Lake, a private 
reservoir at the headwaters of the east branch of Byram River near 
Banksville. All the water distributed by this system is purified by 
mechanical filtration. The average daily consumption is 5,000,000 
gallons in summer and 3,000,000 gallons in winter. 

RECORDS OF WELLS AND SPRINGS. 

The available information concerning the wells and springs of 
Greenwich is presented in the following tables: 







Dug wells in Greenwich 










Map 
No. 


Owner. 


Topo- 
graphic 
position. 


Elevation 

above sea 

level. 


Depth. 


Depth 

to 
water. 


Elevation 
of water 

table 
above sea. 


Fluctua- 
tion of 
water 
table. 


Yield 

per 

minute. 


3 




Hill 

Slope.... 
Hill. .... 

Hill 

Valley . . 

Hill 

Slope.... 
Slope.... 

Hill 

Slope 

Slope.... 


Feet. 
60 
85 
110 
140 
242 
280 
345 
350 
485 
400 
400 


Feet. 
12 
11 
20 
17 
14 
28 
13 
15 
23 
18 
12 


Feet. 

7 

8 
12 
12 
12 
25 
10 
11 
15 
16 
10 


Feet. ^ 
53 ^ 
77 
98 

128 

230 

255 

335 

339 

470 

384 

390 


Feet. 
i 


Gallons. 


5 


George Clark 




(a) 


6 


Mrs. S. E. Marshall 






7 


Wm Wenzol 






9 


Chafi. Perin et al 






10 








11 








12 


W. Lockwood 






Ifi 


E. M. Hobby 


10 


a4 


17 






18 









a Well goes dry. 



GEEENWICH. 
Dug wells in Greenwich — Continued. 



109 



Map 
No. 


Owner. 


Topo- 
graphic 
position. 


Elevation 

above sea 

level. 


Depth. 


Depth 

to 
water. 


Elevation 
of water 

table 
above sea. 


Fluctua- 
tion of 
water 
table. 


Yield 

per 

minute. 


25 




Slope 

Slope 

Flat 

Flat 

Flat 

Flat 

Slope 

Plain.... 
Valley . . 

Hill 

Slope..,. 

Hill 

Slope 

Hill 

Valley.. 
Slope.... 

Hill 

Hill 

Hill 

Hill 

Slope 

Slope 

Hill 

Slope 

Slope 

Hill 

Hill 

Valley . . 
Plain.... 


Feet. 

85 

30 

13 

15 

20 

15 

340 

408 

410 

440 

516 

480 

460 

320 

250 

260 

345 

300 

380 

500 

430 

430 

325 

160 

140 

240 

250 

270 

240 


Feet. 
16 
13 
12 
16 
14 
12 
33 
18 
12 
36 
23 
16 
30 
21 
13.5 
15 
20 
13 
12 
21 
13 
15 
32 
15 
30 
25 
19 
15 
11 


Feet. 

9 
12 

9 

8 
10 

9 
27 
11 

7 
19 
19 
11 
16 
17 

7.5 

9 

8 
10 

8 

10.5 
10 
11 

8 

8 
24(?) 
22 
14 

7 
10.5 


Feet. 

76 

18 
7 
7 

10 

6 
313 
397 
403 
421 
497 
469 
444 
303 
242.5 
251 
237 
290 
372 
489.5 
420 
419 
317 
152 
116(?) 
218 
236 
263 
229.5 


Feet. 


Gallons. 


27 








31 


G Kennedy Todd 






32 








34 








35 








37 






(a) 


38 


E C Converse 






39 


W H Erhart . . .. 






40 


L Timmons . . 






41 


Mrs. John Clark 


6 


2 


42 






43 


W Dove . .. 




2.5 


44 








45 








47 








49 


Schoolhouse 




1.5 


50 








51 




9 


(a) 


53 


W T. Carrington 




54 






4 


55 


D M Griffin 






57 


King Street School. 


12+ 




58 






59 








61 


Lown 






63 








64 








65 

















Map 
No. 


Owner. 


Amount 

used per 

day. 


Depth to 
rock. 


Section. 


Wall. 


Cover 


3 




Gallons. 
10 
12 
15 
15 
25 


Feet. 
8 
10 


Till and rock... 
Till and rock. . . 
Till 


Stone 


Open. 
Plank. 


5 


George Clark 


Stone 


6 


Mrs S E Marshall 


Stone 


Lattice shed. 


7 


Wm. Wenzel 


15 
14 


Till and rock... 
Till and rock... 
Till 


Stone 


Open. 
Open. 
Open. 
Plank. 


9 


Chas. Periu and others 


Stone 


10 


Stone 


• 11 





25 
25 
15 
20 
20 






Till 


Stone 


12 


W Lockwood 




Till 


Stone 


Plflnk. 


16 


E. M. Hobby 




Till 


Stone 


Open. 
Open. 
Plank. 


17 






Till 


Stone 


18 






Till 


Stone 


25 




— 


Till 


Stone.. 


Open. 
Open. 


27 






Till 


Stone 


31 


G. Kennedy Todd 




Sand 


Stone 


32 






20 
10 




Till 


Stone 


Plank. 


34 






Till 


otone 


Open. 
Plank. 


35 






Till 


Stone 


37 






Till 


Stone 


Open. 
Open. 
Open. 
Plank. 


38 


E. C. Converse 


10 
40 


25 
20 
25 






Till 


Stone 


39 


W. H. Erhart 




Till 


Stone 


40 


L. Timmons 




Till 


Stone 


41 


Mrs. John Clark 


22 


Sand and rock . 
Till 


Stone. 


Lattice shed. 


42 




Stone., 

Stone 


Open. 
Open. 
Open. 
Open. 

Plank. 


43 


W. 0. Dove 




Till 


44 






Till 


Stone 


45 






Sand 


Stone.. 


47 








Sand 


Stone 


49 


Schoolhouse 


2 




Till 


Stone 


Plank. 


50 






Till 


Stone 

Stone 


Open. 
Plank, 


51 


R. A. Strong 






20 

30 

8 

15 


10 


Till and rock... 
Till 


53 


W. T. Carrington 


Stone 


Open. 
Shed. 


54 


Daniel Rvan 




Till 


Stone 


55 


D.M. GrlfTm 




Till 


Stone 


Open. 
Plank. 


57 


King Street School 


25 


Till and rock... 
Till 


Stone 


58 




Stone 


Open. 
Plank. 


59 


A. J. Peck 


26 


Sand and rock.. 
Till 


Stone 


61 


Lown 


20 


Stone 




63 








Stone 

Stone 

Stone. . 


Open. 

P ank. 


64 








Till 


65 




15 




Till 


Plank. 















o Well goes dry. 



110 GROUND WATER IN THE HARTFORD AND OTHER AREAS, CONN. 

Drilled wells in Greenvnch. 



Map 
No. 


Owner. 


Eleva- 
tion 
above 
sea level. 


Depth. 


Yield 

per 

minute. 


Amount 

used 
per day. 


Depth 
to rock. 


Drilled 
in year— 


1 


Mrs. Alexander 


Feet. 

160 

160 

35 

240 

360 

500 

520 

300 

230 

190 

265 

258 

255 

100 

80 

12 

12 

20 

12 

325 

500 

425 


Feet. 

170 

245 

75 

250 

a 104 
300 
150 
300 

1,000 
430 
300 
300 
150 
200 
203 
70 
300 
300 

1,000 
405 
800 
200? 


Gallons. 
5 

60 
7 

10 
2.5 

36 
3 

16 

30 
5 
2 
8 

10 

15 
6 
4 

6 
6? 

22 

30? 

10 


Gallons. 
200 


Feet. 




2 


II. 0. Ilavemever 






4 


North Mianus School 


25 


2 




8 


Chaiies Perin and others 


1912 


13 


Thomas Paten 


100 
500 
300 




14 


R. A. Elliott ■ 


62 

10 

30 



















8 

10 

90 

30 






15 


A. Bairett 


1911 


19 


Booze 




20 


n. C. Krothoff 




1911 


21 


do 




1912 


22 


Ely School 






23 


do 






24 


Greenwich Country Club 






26 


Mrs. Judge McXowell 


100 

50 








28 


Edward Sandreuter 


1912 


29 


G. Kpnnpdy Todd. , . 




30 


do ". 




33 


Roberts 




36 


Hotel 







48 


Griswold 




52 


"W. T. Carrington 






56 


Charles Purdy 






60 








62 


Lown. 


240 
360 


200 
500 



6 





100 




67 


A. P. Stokes. - 















a Diameter of well 6 inches. 
Springs in Greenwich. 



Map 
No. 


Owner. 


Topo- 
graphic 
position. 


Elevation 

above 
sea level. 


Yield 

per 

minute. 


Amount 

used 
per day. 


Improvements. 


46 


De Craft 


Slope . . . 
VaUey.. 


Feet. 
280 
235 


Gallons. 
1.5 

8 


Gallons. 



30 


Concrete reservoir; shed 


66 




Concrete cistern 8 by 12 feetf 
windmill. 







QUALITY OF GROUND WATER. 

No recent tests of water from drilled wells are available, but analy- 
ses of water from nine scbool wells, probably shallow, were made by 
the Connecticut State Board of Health in 1898.^ According to those 
analyses the waters ranged in total sohds from 52 to 109 parts, in 
total hardness from 15 to 44 parts, and in chlorine from 2 to 15 parts 
per milhon. If conditions here are similar to those around Hartford 
the waters of deep wells would be harder and would show a higher 
mineral content. 

SALISBURY. 
POPULATION AND INDUSTRIES. 

Salisbury is in Litchfield County, in the northwest corner of the 
State. It is reached by the Central New England Railway, which 

1 Connecticut State Board of Health Rept. for 1898, pp. 291-296. 



SALISBURY. 



Ill 



has stations at Chapinville, Salisbury, Lakeville, and Ore Hill and 
which connects with the Berkshire division of the New York, New 
Haven & Hartford Railroad at Canaan, on the east border of the town. 
The Harlem division of the New York Central & Hudson River Rail- 
road runs along the west border and connects with the Central New 
England Railway at ^lillerton. Post offices are situated at Salisbury, 
Chapinville, Lakeville, Ore Hill, and Lime rock. 

Salisbury was incorporated in October, 1741. Its area is 61 square 
miles. 

The population in 1910 was 3,522. The following table shows the 
population of the town from 1756 to 1910, inclusive: 

Population of the town of Salisbury, 1756 to 1910. 



Year. 



1756. 
1774. 
1782. 
1790. 
1800. 
1810. 
1820. 
1830. 



Popula- 
tion. 



1,100 
1,980 
2,225 



2,266 
2,321 
2,695 
2,580 



Per cent 
increase. 



80 
12 



Per cent 
decrease. 



Year. 



1840 
1850 
1860 
1870 
1880 
1890 
1900 
1910 



Popula- 
tion. 



2,562 
3,103 
3,100 
3,303 
3,715 
3,420 
3,489 
3,522 



Per cent 
increase. 



Per cent 
decrease. 





0.7 


21 






.1 


6 




12 






8 


2 




1 





The principal industries are agriculture, mining and smelting iron 
ore, and manufacture of car wheels and pocketknives. About 15,200 
acres of land are under cultivation and about 200 people are engaged 
in farming. 

TOPOGRAPHY. 

The west half of Salisbury is mountainous, the principal peaks 
being Bear Mountain, Gridley Mountain, Mount Riga, Lions Head, 
and Indian Mountain. East of the mountains a narrow central 
vaUey extends from the Massachusetts line southward to Sharon. 
The east boundary of the town is formed by Housatonic River. 
Between the Housatonic and the central valley. Miles Mountain, 
Toms Mountain, Mount Prospect, GaUows HiU, Forge Hill, Red 
Rocks, and Sharon Mountain produce a rugged topography. The 
highest point in the State of Connecticut, 2,355 feet above sea level, is 
on Bear Mountain. The lowest land in the town, about 530 feet, is 
on the Housatonic in the southeastern corner of the town. About 
22,800 acres, or a little less than half of the total area of the town, is 
mountainous. The central vaUey, which comprises nearly all the 
agricultural land of the town, is about a mile in average width in the 
southern half of the town but broadens to nearly 3 miles north of 
Mount Prospect. (See PI. XI, in pocket.) 



112 GROUND WATER IN THE HARTFORD AND OTHER AREAS, CONN. 

Nearly aU the drainage reaches the Housatonic through Moore 
Brook, which occupies the central valley from ChapinviUe to Salis- 
bury, where it joins Button Brook to form Salmon Creek, flows 
through a narrow pass at Limerock, and finally enters the Housatonic 
above Limerock station. The fall of Moore Brook between Chapin- 
viUe and Salisbury is about 80 feet; of Salmon Creek from Salisbury 
to its mouth about 100 feet; and of Housatonic River between the 
Massachusetts line and the southern boundary of Salisbury, 130 
feet. The following table shows the discharge of the Housatonic at 
Gaylords ville : 

Monthly discharge of Housatonic River at Gaylordsville, Conn., for 1906-1909. (^ 

[Drainage area , 1 ,020 square miles.] 



Month. 



Discharge in second-feet. 



Maximum. 



Minimum. 



Mean. 



Per 

square 

mile. 



Run-off 
(depth in 
inches on 

drainage 
area). 



Accu- 
racy. 



1906 

Januarj' 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

The year 

1907. 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

The year 

1908, 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

Jmy 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

The year 



3,170 
4,630 
10,000 
8,930 
6,060 
2,370 
2,120 
1,310 
876 
2,220 
1,980 
1,440 



10,000 



3,970 

1,370 

5,330 

3,350 

3,550 

4,860 

1,560 

651 

6,690 

16, 100 

11, 200 

5,690 



16, 100 



6,430 

12,600 

4, 750 

4,640 

4,860 

1,830 

1,210 

1,110 

505 

505 

452 

682 



12,600 



938 

788 

1,120 

2,460 

1,090 

928 

421 

347 

296 

296 

550 

686 



1,800 

1,630 

2,910 

4,780 

2,110 

1,630 

984 

818 

554 

861 

992 

958 



296 



1,670 



1,060 

816 

714 

1,830 

1,430 

930 

620 

328 

240 

1,320 

2,200 

1,260 



2,080 
1,120 
2,430 
2,340 
2,010 
2,160 
921 
493 
1,210 
3,700 
4,950 
3,120 



240 2,210 



1,160 

1,160 

1,620 

1,830 

930 

478 

328 

305 

130 

147 

130 

147 



2,820 

2,860 

3,180 

2,790 

2,510 

958 

687 

592 

310 

313 

290 

411 



130 



1,480 



1.76 
1.60 

2.85 
4.69 
2.07 
1.60 
.965 
.802 
.543 
.844 
.973 
.939 



1.64 



2.04 
1.10 
2.38 
2.29 
1.07 
2.12 
.903 
.483 
1.19 
3.63 
4.85 
3.06 



2.17 



2.76 
2.80 
3.12 
2.74 
2.46 
.939 
.674 
.580 
.304 
.307 
.284 
.403 



1.45 



2.03 

1.67 



29 

23 

39 

78 

11 

.92 

.61 

.97 

1.09 

1.08 



22.17 



2.35 
1.14 
2.74 
2.56 
2.27 
2.36 
1.04 
.56 
1.33 
4.18 
5.41 
3.53 



29.47 



3.18 



02 

60 

06 

84 

05 

.78 

.67 

.34 

.35 

.32 

.46 



19.67 



a Discharge for 1906 is taken from U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 201, p. 114, 1907; dis- 
charge for 1907-8 from Water-Supply Paper 241, p. 172, 1910; and discharge for 1909 from Water-Supply 
raper261, p. 170, 1911. 



SALISBURY. 



113 



Monthly discharge of Housatonic River at Gaylordsville, Conn., for 1906-1909 — Contd. 



Month. 



Discharge in second-feet. 



Maximum. 



Minimum. 



Mean. 



Per 

square 

mile. 



Run -off 

(depth in 

inches on 

drainage 

area). 



Accu- 
racy. 



1909. 



January 

February. . 

March 

ApriL 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September . 

October 

November. 
December. . 



5, 450 

10, 400 

6,180 

8,940 

4,520 

2,360 

1,060 

1,760 

1,160 

890 

505 

2,050 



182 



1,620 

2,520 

1,620 

561 

305 

220 

83 

114 

83 

220 



1,250 

3,270 

2,710 

3,970 

2,490 

1,260 

518 

668 

469 

445 

387 

632 



1.23 
3.21 
2.66 
3.89 
2.44 
1.24 
.508 
. 655 
.460 
.436 
.379 
.620 



1.42 

3.34 

3.07 

4.34 

2.81 

1.38 

.59 

.76 

.51 

.50 

.42 

.71 



The year. 



10, 400 



83 



1,510 



1.48 



19.85 



Note. — In the last column B indicates that the mean monthly flow is probably accurate within 10 per 
cent, C, within 15 per cent. Figures for 1906 are rated good. Minimum figures are low on account of 
storage of water at power plant above the station. Mean discharge estimated because of ice as follows: 
Jan. 16 to 31, 1909, 819 second-feet; Feb. 1 to 5, 1909, 650 second-feet; Dec. 24 to 31, 1909, 375 second-feet. 

Natural lakes of glacial origin constitute a picturesque feature of 
Salisbury. They have remarkably clear water and clean shores and are 
popular summer resorts. South of Lakeville, Wononskopomuc Lake 
and Wononpakook Lake occupy the central valley; the former is 
nearly circular and almost a mile in diameter; the latter is about a 
quarter of a mile wide and a mile long. The elevation of Wononskopo- 
muc Lake is about 760 feet; the elevation of Wononpakook Lake, 
about 735 feet. These two lakes are separated by a ridge of glacial 
material three-eighths of a mile wide. At Chapinville, in the northern 
part of the valley, there are two similar but somewhat larger lakes 
known as Twin Lakes, which are 735 feet above sea level and are 
separated by a strip of lowland only a few yards wide and connected 
by a small brook. The larger of the two is nearly circular and about 
a mile and a half in diameter; the other is half a mile wide and 2 
miles long. Riga Lake and South Pond, near the top of Mount Riga, 
at an elevation of 1,700 feet, also owe their origin to glaciation. Riga 
Lake is about half a mile in diameter and is about twice as large as 
South Pond. 

Salisbury consists so largely of mountainous, woody, or swampy 
land that only about 15,200 acres, or two-fifths of its area, is under 
cultivation and only about 200 persons are engaged in agriculture. 
All the mountainous parts are forested. 

WATER-BEARING FORMATIONS. 

Bedrocks. — ^The two principal rock formations in Salisbury are the 
Berkshire schist and the Stockbridge limestone.^ The distribution 

1 See Gregory, H. E., and Robinson, H. H., Preliminary geological map of Connecticut: State Geol. and 
Nat. Hist. Survey Bull. 7, 1907. 

97889°— wsp 374—16 8 



114 GROUND WATER IN THE HARTFORD AND OTHER AREAS^ CONN. 

of those rocks is indicated by the topography. The Berkshire schist 
is much more resistant to erosion than the limestone, and therefore 
forms the mountainous parts of the town. The limestone consti- 
tutes the bedrock in the valley, but it is believed to underlie the 
mountains of harder rocks also, particularly those along the west 
border. Pockets of iron ore occur in the limestone near its contact 
with the overlying schist, and the mining of these deposits is one of 
the principal industries. The only mine now in operation is at Ore 
Hill, but iron was formerly mined on a large scale at SaUsbury. 

The schist is a dense rock but is traversed b}^ joints, some of which 
are water bearing. However, the topography throughout the area 
underlain by schist is such that surface water affords a more practicable 
source of supply than ground water, and for this reason no attempt 
has been made in this town to obtain water from these rocks. 
The limestone also is a dense crystalline rock, but in many places it is 
readily soluble, as is indicated by the solution cavities along the west 
shore of Lake Wononpakook. Percolating waters have widened 
many of the joints, thereby affording free underground drainage 
(PL V, B, p. 21). For this reason water is not stored long in the 
limestone above the base levels of underground drainage. Most of 
the wells that have been drilled into this rock have failed to obtain a 
permanent supply of water. 

Till. — Till, which consists of mixtures of clay, sand, gravel, and 
bowlders, covers the rock in the mountainous districts and in the 
southern part of the central valley and is the most widely distributed 
surface deposit in Salisbury. Its thickness varies according to the 
topography. It is very thin immediately surrounding the rock out- 
crops and becomes thicker near the bottoms of the slopes. On the 
higher elevations the tiU was deposited by melting ice, but on the 
valley walls the material was squeezed against the rocks by advancing 
tongues of ice and remains as a plaster in some places 100 feet thick. 
On the valley floors it was heaped up by floods from the ice front and 
from the mountain sides. One hundred feet of till is exposed in the 
abandoned mine at Salisbury. The occurrence of water in tiU is 
discussed on page 15. 

Stratified drift. — Deposits of stratified drift not more than 25 feet 
thick are found in small areas in the northern part of the central 
vaUey near Twin Lakes, and a few small deposits that consist of sand 
and gravel and show fluviatile cross-bedding are exposed in ravines 
along the mountain sides at elevations of about 100 feet. The 
elevated deposits of stratified drift are drained rapidly and are there- 
fore not likely to afford good weUs, but the low-lying beds of sand 
and gravel may be expected to furnish good supplies of water. 

Alluvium.. — Deposits of alluvium are found on the lowlands along 
Moore Brook and smaller deposits along Salmon Creek. The flood 



SALISBUKY. 115 

plains along the west side of the Housatonic between Falls village 
and Canaan are also covered by alluvium. These deposits are thin 
and are not important in determining the position of wells. 

SURFACE-WATER SUPPLIES. 

Water power is developed at the outlet of Wononskopomuc Lake 
and on Salmon Creek at Lime rock. A dam at the outlet of Twin 
Lakes at Chapinville furnishes power intermittently. Two impound- 
ing reservoirs at tlie headwaters of Burton Brook furnish the public 
water supply of Lakeville and SaHsbury. 

There is large opportunity for the* utilization of surface water. 
The lakes are capable of furnishing an almost unlimited quantity of 
good water and some of them are so situated that pumping would 
not be necessary. At present, however, the lakes in the valley are 
not protected against contamination. 

GROUND-WATER SUPPLIES. 

Shallow dug wells ranging in depth from 8 to 27 feet and averaging 
15 feet furnish most of the private domestic supplies in Salisbury. 
The depth to water ranges from 4 to 25 feet and averages 11 feet 
but fluctuates with the rainfall, the fluctuation as determined for 
three weUs being 4, 5, and 6 feet, respectively. All except one of 
the wells examined obtained water from till and only two of them 
were reported to have failed. The yields, as determined in three 
wells, were 3, 3|-, and 8 gallons, respectively. The quantity of water 
used from 27 wells ranges from 10 to 60 gallons and averages 27 
gallons a day. 

Drilled wells in Salisbury have not been generally successful, 
although this method of procuring water has not been fuUy tested. 
Ten wells, ranging in depth from 28 to 500 feet and penetrating 
bedrock, have been drilled. Two of these wells failed to obtain 
water in the limestone, and were therefore abandoned. Four others 
penetrated the crystalline rocks but were abandoned because the 
quantit}^ obtained was not adequate, although each of them fur- 
nished about 5 gallons a minute. The other four weUs yielded 5, 
12, 20, and 60 gallons a minute, and are at present drawn upon to 
the extent of about 30 gallons, 200 gallons, 500 gallons, and 5,000 
gallons a day, respectively. 

Springs are numerous on the hillsides in aU parts of the town. 
Most of them yield very small quantities of water, but a great many 
of them are capable of furnishing supplies for households. Fourteen 
springs were examined whose yields range from a quarter of a gallon 
to 20 gallons per minute. Seven of these are used, the consumption 
ranging from 20 to 500 gallons per day and averaging 110 gallons. 



116 GROUND WATER IN THE HARTFORD AND OTHER AREAS^ CONN. 

AH are gravity springs and fluctuate to some extent, but only two 
of those examined fail during dry weather. 

PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY. 

The public water system of Lakeville and Salisbury, operated by 
the Lakeville Water Co., takes its water from two reservoirs, with a 
total capacity of 18,000 gallons, at the head of Burton Brook. About 
2,000 people are served from this system and the quantity has always 
been adequate. 

RECORDS OF WELLS AND SPRINGS. 

The available information concerning the wells and springs of 
Salisbury is presented in the following tables: 

Drilled wells in Salisbury. 



Map 
No. 



Owner. 



Topo- 
graphic 
position. 



Eleva- 
tion 
above 
sea level. 




Depth 


Depth. 


to 
vrater. 


Feet. 


Feet. 


Feet. 


920 


16? 


10 


880 


15 


9 


585 


12 


5 


580 


12 


5 


638 


11 


^5 


800 


14 


12 


815 




14 


830 


16 


14 


920 


18 


12.5 


900 


15 


10 


920 


12.5 


7 


. 890 


22 


9 


880 


14 


7.5 


700 


12 


12 


860 


23 


21 


800 


12 


8 


820 


10 


7 


940 


16 


11 


760 


9 


8 


920 


25 


12 


1,770 


27 


25 


700 


13.5 


11 


780 


8 


6 


770 


24.5 


21.5 


810 


18 


10 


720 


11 


10 


770 


16 


11 


860 


23 


14 


960 


25.5 


13 


800 


21 


17 


860 


12 


9 


860 


13 


13 


770 


16 


9 


680 


16 


12 


780 




13 


680 


i2 


9 


640 


9 


8 


680 


10 


8.5 


670 


12 


10 



Eleva- 
tion of 
water 
table 
above 
sea. 



Fluctua- 
tion of 
water 
table. 



Yield 

per 

minute. 



2 
3 
4 
5 
8 
9 
10 
11 
12 
13 
14 
16 
17 
18 
22 
23 
25 
26 
27 
28 
32 
34 
36 
37 
44 
45 
46 
47 
52 
53 
54 
55 
57 
58 
59 
61 
62 
63 
66 



E. C. Eggleston. 
Edward Garrity . 



J. Conour. ., 
John Lloyd . 



P. F.Cleveland. 



C. H. Bissel. 

E. E. Burch. 
Mike Walsh. , 

F. B. White. 



Hotclikiss School. 
Henry Wells 



Peter Garrity. 
D. T. Warner. 



J.King. 



Slope.. 
Slope. . 
Slope.. 
Slope.. 
Hill... 
Hill... 
Hill... 
Slope.. 
Slope. . 
Hill... 
Plain.. 
Hill... 
Hill... 
Valley. 
Hill... 
Hill... 
Flat... 
Flat... 
Flat... 
Slope.. 
Slope. . 
Slope.. 
Hill... 
Hill... 
Slope.. 
Hill... 
Hill... 
Hill... 
Slope.. 
Flat... 
Flat... 
Flat... 
Slope.. 
Flat... 



Feet. 

910 

871 

580 

575 

633.5 

788 

801 

816 

907.5 

890 

913 

881 

872.5 

688 

839 

792 

813 

929 

752 

908 
1,745 

689 

774 

748.5 

800 

710 

759 

846 

947 

783 

851 

847 

761 

768 

757 

671 

632 

671.5 

660 



Feet. 



Gallons. 



(a) 



8 + 



Dry. 
"3.' 5 



SALISBURY. 
Drilled wells in Salisbury — Continued. 



117 



Map 
No. 


Owner. 


Amount 

used 
per day. 


Section. 


Wall. 


Cover. 


2 


E. C. Eggleston 


Gallons. 
50 
50 
25 
40 
30 

50 
30 
20 
35 


Till 




Plank. 


3 


Edward Garrity 


Till 


Stone 


Open. 
Plank. 


4 




Till 


Stone 

Stone 


5 




Alluvium 

Till 


Plank. 


g 




Stone 

Stone 

Stone 

Stone 

Stone 

Stone 

Stone 

Stone 

Stone 

Stone 

Stone 


Plank. 


9 




Till 


Open. 
Plank. 


10 


J. Conour 


Till 


11 


John Lloyd 


Till 


Plank. 


12 




Till 


Open. 


13 


P. F Cleveland 


Till 


Plank. 


14 




Till 


Open. 
Plank. 


16 


C. H. Bissel 


60 
15 


30 
10 
15 


10 
20 
10 
10 
10 
15 


Till 


17 


E E Burch 


Till 


Plank. 


18 


Mike Walsh 


Till 


Open. 
Plank. 


22 


F B White 


Till 


23 




Till 




Plank. 


25 


Hotchkiss School 


Till 


Stone 


Shed. 


26 


Henry Wells 


Till 


Plank. 


27 




Till 


Stone 

Stone 

Stone 

Stone 

Stone 

Stone 


Open. 
Open. 
Plank. 


28 


Peter Garrity 


Till 


32 


D. T. Warner 


Till 


34 




Till 


Open. 
Open. 
Plank. 


36 




Till 


37 


J. King 


Till 


44 




Till 






45 







Till 


Stone 


Open. 


46 




Till 


47 




10 
50 


Till 




Plank. 


52 




Till 


Stone 

Stone 


Plank. 


53 




Till 


Plank. 


54 






Till 




Plank. 


55 




10 
20 


Till 


Stone 


Plank. 


57 




Till 


Plank. 


58 




Till 






59 






Till 




Plank, 


61 




20 
15 


Till 


Stone 

Stone 

Stone -. . 

Stone 


Open. 
Shed. 


62 




Till 


63 




Till 


Ppen. 
Open. 


66 




20 


Till 









a Well goes dry. 
Drilled wells in Salisbury. 



Map 
No. 


Owner. 


Topo- 
graphic 
position. 


Eleva- 
tion 

above 
sea 

level. 


Depth. 


Yield 

per 

minute. 


Amount 

used 
per day. 


Depth 

to 
rock. 


Section. 


Pump. 


Diam- 
eter. 


19 


Mike Walsh 

Joseph Parsons... 
W.K.Warner... 

J.F.Fisher 

.... do 


Hill 

Slope . . . 

Hill 

Flat 

Flat 

Slope. . . 
Slope. . . 

Flat 

Slope. . . 
Valley.. 


Feet. 
735 
845 
920 
750 
538 
950 
800 
760 
940 
750 


Feet. 

34 
250 

60 
500 
500 
200 
150 
200 
C215 

28 


Gallons. 


a 12 



5 

5 

4.5 

4 

5 

60 
20 


Gallons. 



200 











30 

5,000 

500 


Feet. 

(?) 
22 
40 





(?) 
8 
8 






Inches. 


21 
24 


(b) 




5 

4 


38 
39 


Limestone 
Limestone 

Schist 

Schist 


None. 
None 


4 


41 


do 


None 




42 


do 


None 




43 


Beal 






51 


Salisbury School . 
Bierce 






6 


56 


Limestone 




4 









a Flows 1 gallon per minute; used only in summer. 

b Log: Feet. 

Till 18 

Limestone 145 

Schist 87 

c Well drilled in 1901; cost $3.75 per foot. 



118 GROUND WATER IN THE HARTFORD AND OTHER AREAS, CONN. 

Springs in Salisbury. 



Map 
No. 


Owner. 


Topo- 
graphic 
position. 


Elevation 

above 
sea level. 


Yield 

per 

minute. 


Amount 

used 
per day. 


Temper- 
ature. 


Improvements. 


6 




Feet. 

Slope finO 


Gallons. 
0.25 
4.5 
Slight. 
1 

0.5 

1 

a 20 

2 

2 

20 

5 

6 

7 

bO.5 


Gallons. 


59 
55 
57 
55 
59 
57 
48 
56 
58 
50 
57 
56 
56 
57 
56 


Horse trough. 
Do 


7 




Slope. . . 
Slope. . . 
Slope. . . 
Slope. . . 
Slope. - . 
Valley.. 
Slope. . . 
Slope. . . 
Swamp . 
Slope. . . 

Flat 

Slope... 
Slope.. . 
Slope.. . 


600 

820 

870 

945 

1,200 

1,090 

1,300 

920 

7G0 

740 

960 

770 

775 

640 




15 






Do 


?0 


Mike Walsh 


20 


30 

50 


50 
500 




?q 






30 


D.T.Warner 




31 


Pettee 




33 






3o 


Bushnell 




40 


Henry Schoville 




48 






49 


Little 


20 

100 








60 






64 






65 













a No variation in vield. 



b Well goes dry 



QUALITY OF GROUND WATER. 

Two Salisbury ^vaters, analyses of which are given below, are mod- 
erate in mineral content, distinctly hard, calcium carbonate in type, 
and low in their contents of sulphate and chlorine. 

Analyses of ivater from drilled wells in Salisbury. 
[Parts per million; R. B. Dole, analj'st.] 

Constituents. , 1 ! 2 



Total solids at 180° C 319 

Total hardness as CaCOs 160 

lion (Fe) .7 

Carbonate radicle (CO3) - Tr. 

Bicarbonate radicle (HCO3) 360 

Sulphate radicle (SO4) 21 

Chlorme (Cl) 1.1 



325 
245 

Tr. 

Tr. 
313 
32 

5.4 



1. Well of Joseph Parsons (PI. XI, No. 21), 250 feet deep; sample collected June 25, 1915. 

2. Well of Mr. Bierce (PI. XI, No. 56), 28 feet deep; sample collected June 25, 1915. 

NORTH CANAAN. 
POPULATION AND INDUSTRIES. 

North Canaan is in Litchfield County, in the northwest corner of 
Connecticut. It is reached by the Berkshire division of the New 
York, New Haven & Hartford Kailroad (station at Canaan), by the 
Central New England Railw^ay (stations at Canaan and East Canaan), 
and by daily stage from Southfield, Mass., via Mill River and Clay- 
ton, and by trolley from Sheffield, Mass. There are post offices at 
Canaan and East Canaan. 

The town has an area of 19 square miles. It w^as separated from 
the town of Canaan and incorporated in May, 1858. The village of 
Canaan is in the town of North Canaan. 

The population of North Canaan in 1910 w^as 2,171. The following 
table shows the population from 1870 to 1910, inclusive: 



NOETH CANAAN. 
Population of North Canaan, 1870 to 1910. 



119 



Year. 



1870 
1880 
1890 



Popiila- Percent 
tion. I increase. 



Per cent 
decrease. 



1,695 
1,537 
1.683 



10 



Year. 



1900. 
1910. 



Popular 
tion. 


Per cent 
increase. 


1,803 
2,171 


7 
20 



Per cent 
decrease. 



The principal industries are agriculture; the manufacture of pig 
iron and Hme, and the quarrying of marble and quartzite. 

TOPOGRAPHY. 

The region east of the village of Canaan is mountamous. Rattle- 
snake HiU, which lies between Canaan and Sodom, 1,000 feet above 
sea level, or 340 feet above Housatonic River, is produced by out- 
crops of Umestone and quartzite. The foothills of Ball Mountain, 
between Sodom and the east border of the town, attain an elevation 
along the east boundary of 1,300 feet. Canaan Mountain rises on 
the south side of Blackberry River to an elevation of 1,927 feet a 
short distance south of the south boundary. A low range of Ume- 
stone hills extends along the west border of the to^Ti from the lati- 
tude of Canaan to the south line. The highest point in these hills 
is 800 feet above sea level. Between these hills and Canaan Moun- 
tain and between Rattlesnake Hill and Housatonic River there is a 
flat plain about a mile wide and 680 feet above sea level, which was 
formerly the bed of the Housatonic. (See PL XI, in pocket.) 

The Housatonic forms the west boundary of North Canaan and 
receives as tributaries all the minor streams of the town. Konkapot 
River enters the to\\Ti of Clayton, follows around the north foot of 
Rattlesnake Hill, crosses the State Hne, and enters the Housatonic 
west of Ashley Falls, Mass. Blackberry River, which drains nearly 
the entire town, flows across the town along the north foot of Canaan 
Mountain and enters the Housatonic west of Canaan. Whiting River 
flows southward through Canaan Valley to East Canaan, where it 
joins Blackberry River. A smaU amount of power is developed on 
Blackberry River at Canaan. 

The woodlands m North Canaan are confined to the hilltops and 
comprise an area of only about 5 square miles. The remamder of 
the town is devoted to agi'iculture, about haH bemg tilled land and 
the rest meadows. 

WATER-BEARING FORMATIONS. 

Bedrocks. — Most of the rock floor of North Canaan is composed of 
Stockbridge limestone, but an area in the northeast corner of the 
town, north of Blackberry River and east of Whiting River, is under- 
lain by Becket gneiss. Canaan Mountain consists of Berkshire schist, 
and in Rattlesnake Hill and at the Central New England Railway 



120 GROUND WATER IN THE HARTFORD AND OTHER AREAS, CONN. 

bridge over Wliiting River the Cheshire C'Poughquag") quartzite ^ 
comes to the surface. All of these rocks outcrop in many places and 
the limestone and quartzite are quarried. (See p. 20.) 

Till. — Unstratified glacial deposits cover the rock on Canaan Moun- 
tain and Rattlesnake Hill and on the hills in the northeast quarter 
of the town. They range in thickness from a few inches surrounding 
the rock exposures to 25 or 30 feet. (See p. 15.) 

Stratified drift. — In the lowlands along Housatonic and Blackberry 
rivers bedrock is covered with stratified sand and gravel. These 
deposits form a terrace bordering the hills near the mouth of Black- 
berry River and a much broader terrace extendmg from Canaan 
northward along the base of Rattlesnake Hill. Similar deposits occur 
along Squabble Brook north of Sodom. The stratified deposits range 
in thickness from a few feet to about 50 feet, the thickest deposits 
being just west of Canaan. The water-bearing capacity of these 
deposits is large, and by means of dug or driven wells water suitable for 
domestic use or for additions to public suppHes is available. 

Infiltration galleries (p. 42) m the stratified deposits in the central 
and west parts of the town would probably afford rather large quan- 
tities of water, and this method of utilization should receive consid- 
eration in connection with proposed public supplies. 

GROUND-WATER SUPPLIES. 

The average depth of 16 dug weUs is 14 feet and the depth to water 
ranges from 5 to 19 feet and averages 11 feet. The fluctuation of the 
water table was reported for three weUs to be 4, 7, and 8 feet, respec- 
tively. All the weUs examined end in tdl and only two fail in dry 
weather. The quantity of water used daily, as reported for 10 weUs, 
ranges from 10 to 40 gallons and averages 21 gallons. 

A drilled well, 333 feet deep, in the village of Canaan (see No. 23, 
PI. XI), at an elevation of 670 feet, was sunk at a cost of $1,800, 
for the purpose of obtainuig a supplementary supply for the public 
waterworks. It yielded, however, only 17 gallons a minute, and as 
this quantity was considered inadequate it was abandoned, a larger 
supply being obtained by sinking a shallow well into the drift. 

Springs are common on the hillsides, but all of them yield small 
quantities of water and most of them are intermittent. The average 
yield of the permanent springs is about a gallon a minute. The 
yield of the springs is, however, generally much greater than the 
amount used, which averages only about 35 gallons a day. 

PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY. 

The water supply for the village of Canaan is obtained from a 
3,000,000-gaUon reservoir on the north slope of Canaan Mountain. 

1 See Preliminary geological map of Comiecticut: State GeoL and Nat. Hist. Survey Bull. 7, 1907. 



NORTH CANAAN. 



121 



The reservoir is fed by springs which have a combined yield of 55,000 
gallons a day. All the water is used for domestic needs, and about 
1,000 persons are supphed. The consumption in summer is 65,000 
gallons a day. In dry summers, when the supply is inadequate, 
additional water is ob tamed from a dug well 12 feet square and 12 
feet deep, lined with plankmg. The water in this well is usually 6 
feet deep, but pumpmg at the rate of 110 gallons a minute lowers it 
nearly to the bottom. 

RECORDS OF WELLS AND SPRINGS. 



The available information concerning the wells and springs of 
North Canaan is presented in the followuig tables: 

Dug wells in North Canaan. 



Map 
No. 


Owner. 


Topo- 
graphic 
position. 


Eleva- 
tion 
above 
sea level. 


Depth. 


Depth to 
water. 


Eleva- 
tion of 
water 

table 
above 

sea. 


Fluctua- 
tion of 
water 
table. 


1 






Feet. 
700 
720 
715 
720 
700 
880 
860 
855 
818 
810 
822 
815 
765 
780 
815 
850 
680 


Feet. 

10 
a 17 

11 

10 

12 


Feet. 
10 
16 
10 

7 
10 

9 
11 
10 

8 

5 

8 


Feet. 

690 

704 

705 

713 

690 

871 

849 

845 

810 

805 

814 


Feet. 


2 


ii. R.'cadweU 


Flat 

Flat 

Flat 

Slope 

Slope 

Flat 

Hill 

Flat 

Flat 

Flat 

Flat 

Flat 

Slope.... 

HiU 

mu 

Flat 


7 


3 


R . D . Miller 




4 


T, P. Couch 




6 


E. P. Adsit 




7 






8 




16 

12 

10 

10 

14 

16 

18(?) 

22 

19 

23 

12 




11 


E. Taylor 




12 


Rogers 




13 


Langdon 




14 






15 


Thomas Morris 


4 


17 




15(?) 
19 
12 
19 
6 


750(?) 

761 

803 

831 

674 




18 






19 






21 


George Preny 


8 


?? 


Canaan Water Co 









Map 
No. 


Owner. 


Amount 

used per 

day. 


Section. 


Wall. 


Cover. 


1 




Gallons. 
30 

(&) 
20 


Till 


Stone 


Open. 
Loose boards. 


2 


H. R. Cadwell 


Till 


Stone 


3 


R. D. Miller 


Till 


stone 


Shed. 


4 


T. P. Couch 


Till 


Stone 


Plank. 


6 


E.P.Adsit 




Till 


Stone 


Plank. 


7 






Till 


stone 


Open. 
Lattice shed. 


8 





20 
25 
15 
10 
clO 
20 
20 
40 
10 


Till 


Stone 


11 


E . Taylor 


Till 






12 


Rogers 


Till 






13 


Langdon 


Till 


Stone 


Open. 
Open. 
Plank. 


14 




Till 


Stone .... 


15 


Thomas Morris 


Till 


Stone . . 


17 




Till 


St'one . 


Plank. 


18 




Till 


Stone . 


Plank. 


19 




Till 


Stone 


Latt ice shdd. 


21 


George Prenv 


Till 


Stone 


Plank. 


22 


Cfinafin WatPT Cn , 


Till 


Plank 


Shed. 















a Tile at bottom, 2 feet. 



b Well goes dry. 



Dry. 



122 GROUND WATER IN THE HARTFORD AND OTHER AREAS^ CONN. 

Springs in North Canaan. 



Map 
No. 


Owner. 


Topo- 
graphic 
position. 


Eleva- 
tion 
above 
sea level. 


Yield per 
minute. 


Amount 

used per 

day. 


5 




Slope.... 

Slope 

Slope 

Slope.... 
Slope 


Feet. 
735 
980 
1,120 
845 
755 


Gallons. 
4 

0.25 
0.5 
1 
1.5 


Gallons. 
30 


9 




20 


10 






16 


Thomas Morris . . ^ 


60 


?A 













CANAAN. 



POPULATION AND INDUSTRIES. 



Canaan, in Litchfield County, in the northwest corner of Connec- 
ticut, is reached by the Berkshire division of the New York, New 
Haven & Hartford Raiboad, which has stations at Falls Village 
and Lime rock; by mail carrier from Cornwall Hollow through 
South Canaan and Huntsville daily, and also over Barrack Moun- 
tain by Lime rock station, part of Lime rock village, and Amesville 
daily. Post offices are maintamed at Falls Village and during the 
summer at Pine Grove. The rural free deUvery reaches outlying 
parts of the town. 

Canaan was incorporated in October. 1739. The area of the town 
is 33 square miles. 

The population in 1910 was 702. The population from 1756 tc 
1910, inclusive, is shown in the follo^ving table. The chief industry 
is agriculture. 

Population of Canaan, 1756 to 1910. 



Year. 


Popula- 
tion. 


Per cent 
increase. 


Per cent 
decrease. 


Year. 


Popula- 
tion. 


Per cent 
increase. 


Per cent 
decrease. 


1756 


1,100 
1,635 
2,061 






1840 


2,166 




6 


1774 


48 
26 




laio 


2.627 


21 

8 




1782 




18G0 2'.S.34 




1790 




1870 


1,257 
1.157 


a 55 


1800 


2,137 
2,203 
2,332 
2,301 






1880 




8 


1810 


3 

6 




1890 970 

1900 . 820 

1910 702 




16 


1820 






16 


1830 


1 




14 















a North Canaan was set off from Canaan in 1858. 



TOPOGRAPHY. 



The topography of Canaan is produced by faulting and by erosion. 
Canaan Mountain occupies the northeast corner of the town, and 
Barrack Mountain and Titus Mountain occupy the south haK. 
Lowlands, which were at one time flood plains of Housatonic River, 
extend from Lime rock station northward to the town line and from 
Housatonic River eastward to South Canaan and the base of Canaan 



CAISJ^AAN. 123 

Mountain. The general elevation of these lowlands is about 680 feet 
above sea level. The highest elevation in the town is Bradford 
Mountain, the principal peak on Canaan Mountam, which is 1,927 feet 
above sea level. The altitude of Barrack Mountain is 1,140 feet, of 
Cobble Hill 1,278 feet, and of two peaks which form the northern 
part of Titus Mountain 1,420 and 1,450 feet, respectively. (See PL 
XI, in pocket.) 

Housatonic River forms the west boundary of Canaan and receives 
all the drainage from the towTi; its principal tributary is Hollenbeck 
River. The south branch or main stream of Hollenbeck River rises 
in the hills east of Huntsville, flows through a narrow valley between 
Cobble Hill and Beebe EQll, passes through South Canaan, and enters 
the Housatonic 1 mile north of Falls Village. The east branch of 
Hollenbeck River rises in Wangum Lake, near the top of Canaan 
Mountain, at an elevation of 1,410 feet, and flows between Cobble 
HiU and Canaan Mountain to its confluence with Hollenbeck River 
haK a mile north of South Canaan. The north branch of this river 
rises near the town hne at the foot of Canaan Mountain and flows due 
south till it joins ^Hollenbeck River. The lowlands between Canaan 
Mountain and Housatonic River are poorly drained and are marshy 
throughout the greater part of the year. 

The mountainous parts of Canaan, comprising an area of about 25 
square miles, are forested. The cultivated lands are confined to the 
valleys in the immediate vicinity of South Canaan. 

WATER-BEARING FORMATIONS. 

Bedrocks. — Berkshire schist and Becket gneiss ^ constitute the rock 
floor in the mountamous parts of the town. The Cheshire (^^Pough- 
quag") quartzite appears at the surface in Cobble Hill and at several 
places south of Hollenbeck River. All the lowland area is imderlain 
by Stockbridge hmestone. The steep slopes in the southern and 
western parts of the town afford numerous rock exposures, but the 
limestone appears at the surface only in the low hifls adjacent to 
Housatonic River. The occurrence of water in rocks of this kind is 
discussed on page 20. 

Till. — The rocks throughout the eastern and southern parts of the 
town at elevations of more than 700 feet above sea level are covered 
with mixtures of bowlders, sand, and clay, ranging in thickness from 
a few inches to 25 or 30 feet. (See p. 15.) 

Stratified drift. — Stratified deposits of sand and gravel occur gener- 
ally at elevations less than 700 feet. The thickest deposits are in the 
valley just west of Canaan Mountain and in the immediate vicinity of 
South Canaan, where they are in some places more than 30 feet deep. 

I See Preliminary geological map of Comiecticut: State Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey Bull. 7, 1907. 



124 GROUND WATER IN THE HARTFOED AND OTHER AREAS, CONN. 

These deposits afford an opportunity for obtaining ground-water 
suj^plies by means of dug and driven wells. (See p. 38.) 

SURFACE-WATER SUPPLIES. 

Opportunity for the development of power is afforded by the south 
and east branches of Hollenbeck Eiver. Water supply of moderate 
size for public use may be obtained from Wangum Lake or by con- 
structing impoundnig reservoirs at a number of points along the 
south slope of Canaan Mountain and along the south border of the 
town. 

GROUND- WATER SUPPLIES. 

The average depth of shallow wells is 16 feet and the maximum 
depth about 23 feet, but water is obtained wdthin 10 feet of the surface 
on the lowlands north of South Canaan. The depths to water range 
from 5 to 20 feet and average about 12 feet. The fluctuation of the 
water table was observed in two wells to be 5 and 6 feet, respectively. 
The yield of one well was estimated at about 3 gallons a minute. The 
quantity of water used daily from two wells was reported as 10 and 15 
gallons. Six of the wells examined end in till and two in alluvium. 
Two of the wells which end in till fail during dry weather. 

There are four drilled wells in Canaan, ranging in depth from 42 to 
90 feet and averaging about 62 feet. The yields obtained from three 
of these wells were Ih gallons, 2 gallons, and 3 gallons, respectively. 

Springs yielding from half a gallon a minute to 6 gallons a minute 
and averaging about 2 gallons a minute are numerous on the slopes 
throughout the town. All are gravity springs, and most of them are 
intermittent. Four of the springs examined are used for private 
supphes, the average consumption being about 47 gallons a day. 

RECORDS OF WELLS AND SPRINGS. 

The available information concerning the wells and springs of 
Canaan is presented in the following tables : 

Dug wells in Canaan. 



Map 

No. 


Owner. 


Topo- 
graphic 
position. 


Eleva- 
tion 
above 
sea level. 


Depth. 


Depth 

to 
water. 


Eleva- 
tion of 
water 
table 
above sea. 


Fluctua- 
tion of 
water 
table. 


Yield 

per 

minute. 


1 




Flat 

Slope 

Slope 

Flat 

Flat 

Hill 

Flat 

Flat 


Feet. 
G85 
720 
715 
875 
690 
935 
680 
680 


Feet. 
10 
20 
23 
14 
10 
22 


Feet. 

5 

20 
19 

6 
10 
18 
11 
10 


Feet. 
680 
700 
096 
869 
680 
917 
669 
670 


Feet. 


Gallons. 


?, 






Dry. 


4 






7 


H. Scoville 


6 


3 


10 






11 








17 


D . Brinton 






18 


W.J. Russell 


11 


5 


(«) 







a "Well goes dry. 



WINDHAM. 

Dug wells in Canaan — Continued. 



125 



Map 
No. 


Owner. 


Amount 

used per 

day. 


Section. 


Wall. 


Cover. 


1 




Gallons. 


Alluvium... 
Till 


Stone 

Stone 


Open. 
Plank, 


?, 







4 




Till 


Plank. 


7 


H. Scoville 


10 


Alluvium... 
Till 


Stone 

Stone 

Stone 

Stone 

Stone 


Plank. 


10 




Plank, 


11 







Till 


Open, 
Plank. 


17 


D. Brinton 


Till 


18 


W. J, Russell 


15 


Till 


Plank. 











Drilled ivells in Canaan. 



Map 

No. 


Owner. 


Topo- 
graphic 
position. 


Eleva- 
tion 

above 
sea 

level. 


Depth. 


Yield 

per 

minute. 


Amount 

used per 

day. 


Depth 

to 
rock. 


Section. 


Diam- 
eter. 


Qual- 
ity of 
water. 


15 


G. Schultis.... 
L. J. Morris... 
J. M. Benja- 

mtne. 
do 


Slope.... 

HiH 

Hm 

Hill 


Feet. 
(iOO 
580 
585 

585 


Feet. 
90 
72 
42 

43 


Gallons. 
1.5 
2 
3 


Gallons. 



Feet. 


8 

19 


Inches. 
Limestone. . - 


Rusty. 


16 


Limestone. . 




19 




Limestone. . 
Schist 


4 




20 












1 





Springs in Canaan. 



Map 

No. 


Owner, 


Topo- 
graphic 
position. 


Ele ra- 
tion 
above 
sea level. 


Yield 

per 

minute. 


Amount 

used per 

day. 


Temper- 
ature. 


3 




Slope 

Slope.... 

Slope 

Slope 

Valley.. 
Valley. . 
Slope.... 
Slope 


Feet. 
775 
800 
930 
800 
750 
905 
868 
740 


Gallons. 
6 

0.5 
1 
1 
1 
3 

2,5 
2 


Gallons. 

100 

40 


° F 


5 




55 


6 


M. C. Dean 


54 


8 


Lucas 


30 
20 


51 


9 


E. S. Parker 


53 


12 




54 


13 








14 






54 











WINDHAM. 



POPULATION AND INDUSTRIES. 



The town of Windham is in the southwestern comer of Windham 
County, in the east-central part of the State. It is reached by the 
Highland division of the New York, New Haven & Hartford Rail- 
road (stations at WiUimantic, North Windham, and South Windham) 
by the New London Northern Railroad (stations at Willimantic and 
South Windham); by electric railway from Baltic, Norwich, and 
New London; and by stage from Ashford, Warren ville, Mount Hope, 
and Mansfield Center. Post offices are maintained at Willimantic, 
Windham, North Windham, and South Windham, and outlying 
parts of the town are reached by rural free delivery. 



126 GROUND WATER IN THE HARTFORD AND OTHER AREAS, CONN. 

Windham was incorporated in May, 1692. Its area is 26 square 
miles. 

The population of the to^vn of Windham in 1910 was 12,604; of 
the city of WiUimantic, 11,230. The following table shows the popu- 
lation of the to^vn from 1756 to 1910, inclusive. 

Population of Windham, 1756 to 1910. 



Year. 



Popula- 
tion. 



Per pent 
increase. 



Per cent 
decrease. 



1756 
1774 
1782 
1790 
1800 
1810 
1820 
1830 



2.446 
3,528 
3.571 
2,765 
2. 644 
2, 4] 6 
2.489 
2.S12 



44 




1 






23 




4 




9 


3 




13 





Year. 



Popula- 
tion. 



Per cent 
increase. 



1840 
1850 
1860 
1870 
1880 
1890 
1900 
1910 



Per cent 
decrease. 



3.382 


20 


4,503 


33 


4,711 





5,412 


15 


8, 264 


53 


10,032 


21 


10.137 


1 


12,604 


24 



Water power has been developed on a large scale at WiUimantic 
by means of dams built across WiUimantic River. Most of these 
structiu'es are owned by the American Thread Co. 

The principal industries in Windham are manufacturing and agri- 
culture. The principal manufactured products are spool cotton, 
silk twist, silk and cotton fabrics, carriages, and silk-making, paper- 
making, and other machinery. 

TOPOGRAPHY. 

The average elevation of Windham is 400 feet above sea level. The 
highest elevation, 661 feet, is on Obwebetuck Hill; the lowest, 100 
feet, is in the southeastern corner of the town. Blake Hill, Prospect 
HiU, and Obwebetuck Hill, between the Shetucket and the western 
boundary of the town, are produced by undulation of the rock sur- 
face. The hills in the eastern half of the town are also rock, hills, 
but between Windham Center and WiUimantic the topography is 
due to vaUey filling. (See PL XII, in pocket.) 

The principal stream is Shetucket River, which is produced by the 
confluence of the WUlimantic and Nachaug at WiUimantic. 

About one-half of the area of Windham is forested and about one- 
fourth is under cultivation, the rest of the town being occupied by 
the city of WiUimantic. Most of the farm lands are situated on the 
plain that lies between WiUimantic and Windham Center and extends 
southward along the river to the Franklin boundary. 

WATER-BEARING FORMATIONS. 

Bedrocks. — The rock floor of Windham consists of gneisses and 
schists of unknown age, which have been classified according to their 
lithologic characters. The western half of the town is underlain by 



WINDHAM. 127 

rocks which in the publications of the Connecticut State Geological 
and Natural History Survey have been designated the Willimantic 
gneiss, and the eastern half by rocks which have been designated 
Scotland schist, Hebron gneiss, and Eastford granite gneiss. ^ These 
rocks are exposed in many places along the eastern, southern, and 
western borders, but in the central and northern parts of the town 
they are covered by glacial deposits. All these rocks contain joints, 
the largest of which extend to depths of 200 or 300 feet and yield 
small quantities of water (p. 20). 

Till. — ^At elevations of more than 300 feet above sea level the rock 
is covered with unstratified drift, the average thickness of which is 
about 25 feet. (See p. 15.) 

Stratified drift. — Stratified deposits consisting of gravel and some 
sand are found in most places where the surface is less than 300 feet 
above sea level. Some of the sections along the west side of Shetucket 
River near South Windham reveal thicknesses of 25 feet. These 
deposits constitute the most important water-bearing formation in 
Windham (p. 40). 

GROUND- WATER SUPPLIES. 

Seventeen dug wells in Windham range in depth from 12 to 26 feet 
and average about 15 feet. Depth to water ranges from 2 to 21 
feet and averages about 13 feet. The fluctuation of the water table 
in one well was 10 feet, and one well yielded 5 gallons a minute. 
The quantity of water used, reported for four wells, ranged in amount 
from 20 to 40 gallons a day. Three other wells are not used at all. 
Only one of the wells examined in this town is known to fail in dry 
seasons. 

The well of the Willimantic Bottling Co. (No. 22, PL XII), which is 
the only drilled well in Windham, is 178 feet deep, the lowest 163 
feet being in rock. Its elevation is 270 fact above sea level. It is 
used only occasionally to supply drinking water, the quantity used 
being about 20 gallons a day. 

Springs are common along the slopes west of Shetucket River and 
on the hillsides in the eastern part of the town. All are gravity 
springs, averaging in yield between 1 and 2 gallons a minute. At a 
few places in the vicinit}^ of Windham Center small springs occur in 
groups and, being properly developed, yield very desirable supplies. 
The quantity of water used from one of these groups exceeds 1,200 
gallons a day. 

The stratified sands and gravels of Windham contain large quan- 
tities of ground water. Driven weUs drawing from these deposits 
would probably yield sufficient water to meet the needs of the vil- 
lages in this town, and it is possible that Willimantic could obtain 

1 See Preliminary geological map of Comiecticut: State Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey Bull. 7, 1907. 



128 OEOUND WATER IN THE HARTFORD AND OTHER AREAS; CONN. 



water in this manner should the present supply become inadequate. 
Infiltration galleries (p. 42) in the stratified deposits along Willi- 
mantic River would afford large quantities, and should receive con- 
sideration in coiuiection with proposed public systems. 

PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY. 

The waterworks of Willimantic are owned by the city. The water 
is pumped from Willimantic River at a dam 2 miles north of the city 
to a reservoir that will hold 5,000,000 gallons. About 12,000 people 
are served with 600,000 to 900,000 gallons a day. Meters are exclu- 
sively used. The water is considered good, and no shortage has 
been reported. 

RECORDS OF WELLS AND SPRINGS. 

The available information concerning the wells and springs of 
Windham is presented in the following tables: 

Dug wells in Windham. 



Map 

No. 


Owner. 


Topo- 
graphic 
position. 


Eleva- 
tion 

above 
sea 

level. 


Depth. 


Depth 

to 
water. 


Eleva- 
tion of 
water 

table 
above 

sea. 


Fluctua- 
tion of 
water 
table. 


Yield 

per 

mmute. 


1 




Slope . . . 
Slope.. . 
Plain... 
Plain... 
Plain... 
Slope.. . 
Slope . . . 
Slope . . . 
Plain... 
Plain... 
Plain... 
Plain... 
Slope... 

Hill 

Plain... 
Slope.. . 

Hill 

Plain... 


Feet. 
275 
300 
285 
265 
265 
318 
300 
365 
490 
310 
300 
350 
285 
325 
265 
230 
225 
280 


Feet. 
20 
12 
21 
26 
22 
16 


Feet. 
14 

9 
15 
19 
21 
14 
14 
14 
16 
15 
16 

2 
12 
13 

7 
12 
14 


Feet. 
261 
291 
270 
246 
244 
304 
286 
351 
474 
295 
284 
348 
273 
312 
258 
218 
211 


Feet. 


Gallons. 


2 








3 


A. Lewis 






4 








5 






(a) 


6 






7 








9 


Brookman 


15 
18 
16.5 
18 






10 








11 








12 


Thompson 




5 


13 








15 










16 


Gould 


16 
12 
17 
18 






17 








19 


Wilson 


10 




20 


W. E. Light 




24 























Map 
No. 


Owner. 


Amount 

used per 

day. 


Depth 

to 
rock. 


Section. 


Wall. 


Cover. 


1 




Gallons. 

20 






Feet. 


Till 


Stove 

Stone 

Stone 

Stone 

Stone 

Stone 


Plank, 


2 






Till 


Open. 
Open. 

Shed. 


3 


A. Lewis 




Till 


4 






Till 






30 




Gravel 

Till 


Open. 
Open. 
P:ank. 


6 






7 








TUl 


9 


Brookman 




15 


Till 


Stone 

Stone 

Stone 

Stone 


Plank. 


10 






Till 


Open. 
Open. 
Plank. 


11 








Till 


12 


Thompson 


2.5 





Till 


13 






Till 


None. 


15 






Till 


Stone 

Stone 

Stone 


Open. 
Open. 


16 


Gould 






Till 


17 








Till 


Open. 
Open. 
Pank. 


19 


Wilson 


40 




Till 


20 


W.E. Light 




Sand and 
gravel. 


Stone 


24 

























o Well goes dry. 



FKAXKLIN. 

Springs in Windham. 



129 



Map 

No. 


Owner. 


Topo- 
graphic 
position. 


Yield 

per 

minute. 


Amount 

used per 

day. 


TemjKT- 
ature. 


Improvements. 


8 




Slope . . . 


Gallons. 


Cfallon.s. 


°F. 
55 
55 
56 

55 


Horse trough. 


14 




Slope . . . 







1,200+ 




18 




Valley . . 
Slope . . . 


1 




21 


Windham Aqueduct Co 


14 families supplied. 









QUALITY OF GROUND WATER. 

The Willimantic Bottling Co.'s well yields moderately mineralized, 
rather hard water that would probably form hard scale in boilers 
because of its content of sulphate. It contains only a trace of iron. 

Analysis of water of the 178-foot drilled well of the Willimantic Bottling Co. {PI. XII, 

No. 22), collected June 15, 1915. 



[R. B. Dole, analyst.] 



Parts per 
million. 



Total solids at 180° C 228 

Total hardness as CaCOg 103 

Silica (SiOo) 37 

Iron (Fe) Tr. 

Calcium (Ca) 23 

Carbonate radicle (CO3) 4. 5 

Bicarbonate ro dicle (HCO3) 75 

Sulphate radicle (SOJ 69 

Chlorine (CI) 5.4 

FRANKLIN. 

POPULATIOX AND IXDUSTRIES. 

Franklin is in the north-central part of New London County, in the 
east-central part of the State. It is reached by the New London 
Northern Kailroad, which has stations at Franklin, North Franklin, 
and Yantic (just over the south line of the town), and by electric 
railway from Willimantic, Baltic, Norwich, and New London. Post 
offices are at Yantic and North Franklin. Hural free delivery reaches 
all parts of the town. 

Franklin was taken from Norwich and incorporated in May, 1786. 
The area of the towa is 20 square miles. 

The population of Franklin in 1910 was 527. The population from 
1800 to 1910, inclusive, is shown in the following table. The principal 
industry is agriculture. 

Population of Franklin, 1800 to 1910. 



Year. 



1800. 
1810. 
1820. 
1830. 
1840. 
1850. 



Popula- 
tion. 


Per cent 
tncreaise. 


Per cent 
decrease. 


1,210 
1,161 
1,161 
1,194 

1.000 
895 








4 , 


3 




16 





Year. 



Popula- 
tion. 



Per cent 
increase. 



1860 ; 2,358 

1870 ! 731 

1880 1 686 

1890 1 5S5 

1900 1 546 

1910 ! 527 



163 



Per cent 
decrease. 



69 
6 

15 
6 
3 



97889°— wsp 374—16- 



130 GEOUND WATER IN THE HARTFORD AND OTHER AREAS, CONN. 

TOPOGRAPHY. 

The present topography has been produced by the dissection of a 
peneplain and the subsequent fiUing of the valleys with glacial depos- 
its. The highest elevations in" Frankhn are the summits of the nine 
hills, including Prospect Hill, Avery Hill, Hearthstone Hill, and Blue 
Hill, which embrace nearly the entire area of the town. The hills 
have a uniform height of about 520 feet above sea level. The valleys 
have been filled to some extent with glacial drift, which forms flat 
valley floors standing about 180 feet above sea level. 

The accumulations of drift in the valleys have interrupted drainage, 
and considerable areas are therefore swampy. Four brooks in the 
northern part of Frankhn empty into a swamp just east of Avery 
HiU, and Beaver Brook, a tributary to Shetucket River, rises in this 
swamp. Similar areas he along Susquetonscut Brook, a tributary to 
Yantic River. Beaver Brook and Susquetonscut Brook carry nearly 
all of the drainage in Franklin, but a small amount enters Shetucket 
River directly. 

About half the area of Frankhn is forested, including most of the 
slopes and considerable areas in the low swampy lands in the central 
and western parts of the town. The remaining haK is nearly all 
•under cultivation. 

WATER-BEARING FORMATIONS. 

Bedrocks. — The town of Frankhn is underlain by crystalline rocks 
which in pubhcations of the Connecticut State Geological and Natural 
History Survey have been designated the Scotland schist, the Hebron 
gneiss, the Canterbury granite gneiss, and the Pomfret phyUite.^ 
These rocks are exposed in many places throughout the town (PI. 
XII, in pocket). All are broken by joints, or cracks, the largest 
of which probably extend 200 or 300 feet below the surface and are 
capable of furnishmg moderate supphes of water. (See p. 20.) 

Till. — ^Unstratified deposits of bowlders, gravel, sand, and clay 
cover the rock in most places. The extent of these deposits is indi- 
cated by the distribution of bowlders on the surface of the ground. 
Their thickness ranges from a few mches to 30 feet and averages 
about 15 feet. The deepest deposits are at the bases of the slopes 
and the thinnest on the tops of the hills, where the rocks are barely 
covered. The occurrence of water in tiU is discussed on page 15. 

Stratified drift. — Kamehke deposits of stratified drift are found in 
the valley in the central part of the town between Hearthstone Hill 
and Franklin and between Hearthstone and Pautipaug Hill. Although 
these deposits are small in extent and probably not very thick, they 
are nevertheless important sources of ground water for domestic use. 

1 See Preliminary geological map of Comiecticut: State Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey Bull. 7, 1907. 



FRANKLIN. 



131 



GROUND-WATER SUPPLIES. 

Dug wells ill Frankliii range iii depth, from 8 to 32 feet and average 
18 feet. Depth to water ranges from 5 to 29 feet and averages about 
15 feet. The fluctuation of the water table ranges from 5 to 20 feet 
and averages about 10 feet. Nearly all the wells end in till and most 
of them are situated on slopes where the drift is thin and the ground- 
water supply therefore small. About 30 per cent of the shallow wells 
m the town go dry. The quantity of water used, as reported for six 
wells, ranges from 10 to 40 gallons per day and averages about 30 
gallons. 

Two wells have been drilled to depths of 125 feet and 235 feet, 
respectively. One of these wells is not used because of the high iron 
content of its water. From the other well about 50 gallons per day 
is used. Neither well is suitable for domestic supply on account of 
the iron hi the water. Both wells end in crystalline rocks, from which 
the iron is derived. 

Gravity springs, many of which are intermittent, issue on the num- 
erous slopes throughout the town and range in yield from very small 
amounts to about 6 gallons a minute. The largest springs are at low 
levels and the water which they furnish must therefore be carried or 
pumped. 

RECORDS OF WELLS AND SPRINGS. 

The available information concerning the wells and springs of 
Franklin is presented in the f ollowuig tables : 

Dug wells in Franklin. 



Map 

No. 


Owner. 


Topo- 
graphic 
position. 


Eleva- 
tion 
above 
sea level. 


Depth. 


Depth 

to 
water. 


Eleva- 
tion of 
water 
table 
above sea. 


Fluctua- 
tion of 
water 
table. 


Yield 

per 

minute. 


1 




Hill 

Slope... 

Hill 

Hill 

Plain... 
Slope.. . 
Slope... 
Slope... 
Plain... 
Slope... 
Plain... 
Slope. . . 
Plam... 
Plain... 
Plain... 
Slope.. . 
Slope... 
Slope.. . 

Hill 

Hill 

Hill 

Hill 

Slope... 

Hill 

Slope.. . 


Feet. 
310 
275 
470 
435 
190 
150 
185 
210 
200 
185 
180 
160 
150 
173 
175 
200 
300 
355 
480 
510 
285 
380 
240 
315 
295 


Feet. 

(?)11 
13 

(?)16 
12 


Feet. 
10 
10 
15 
10 
10 

7 
29 
15 
11 

5 
23 
20 
16 
16 
16 
12 


Feet. 
300 
265 
455 
425 
180 
143 
158 
195 
189 
180 
157 
140 
134 
159 
159 
188 


Feet. 


Gallons. 


2 








4 








5 




« 




6 


AI. F. Rodman 






7 




8 
32 
24 






8 


Mabry 






10 




20 




11 






1? 


S. G. Hartshorn 


15 
(?)25 
20 
18 
20 
18 
14 
10 
14 
13 
17 
28 
27 




2.5 


1o 


T. O'nearn 






16 




5 

7 


(a) 


17 




18 


F. S.Barber 




19 








?,0 


John Howe 




(a) 
(a) 


?,1 


School 




m 




12 


343 




9?i 






(a) 


25 


G. L. Ladd 


16.5 

23 

25 

12 

11 

10 


493.5 

202 

355 

228 

304 

2S5 


6 


27 


E.Mitchell 


28 


Town hall 




(a) 


9.9 






31 


M. H. Race 






(o) 


32 



















a Well goes dry. 



132 GROUND WATER IN THE HARTFORD AND OTHER AREAS, CONN. 

Bug wells in Franhlin — Continued. 



Map 
No. 


Owner. 


Amount 

used 
per day. 


Depth 
to rock. 


Section. 


Wall. 


Cover. 


1 




Gallons. 
35 


Feet. 


Till . .. 




Plank 









Till.. .. 


Stone 


riank 


4 








Till 


Plank. 


5 







11 


Till 


Stone 

Stone 

Stone 

Stone 

Stone 

Stone 

Stone 

Stone 

Stone 

Stone 

Stone 

Stone 

Stone 

Stone 

Stone 

Stone 

Stone 

Stone 

Stone 

Stone 

Stone 

Stone 


Open. 
Open. 
Open. 
Open. 
Open. 
Plank. 





M. F. Rodman 


Till 


7 








Till 


8 


Mabry 






Till 


10 





20 
60 




Till . 


11 






Till 


12 


S. G. Hartshorn 




Till 


Shed. 


15 


T. O'Hearn 




Till 


Open. 
Open. 
Open. 
Open. 
Plank. 


10 








20 


Till 


17 




Till 


18 


F. S. Barber 




Till 


19 








Till 

Till 


?,0 


John Howe 


10 


20 



40 



14 
10 


Plank. 


?1 


School 


Till 


Plank. 


99, 




Till 


Open. 
Open. 
Open. 
Open. 
Plank. 


23 




. 12 
17 


Till 


?.=i 


G. L. Ladd 


Till 


27 


E.Mitchell 


Till .... 


28 


Town hall 




Till 


29 






Till 


Plank. 


31 


M. H. Race 






Till 


Plank, 


32 









Till 


Plank. 













Drilled wells in Franhlin. 



Map 
No. 


Owner. 


Topo- 
graphic 
position. 


Elevation 

above 
sea level. 


Depth. 


Yield 

per 

mmute. 


Amount 

used 
per day. 


Depth 
to rock. 


Quality 
of W' ater. 


Drilled 

in 
year— 


3 


Mrs. F. E. Johnson 
Sherman Loomis . . 


Hill 

Hill 


Feet. 
460 
500 


Feet. 
125 
235 


Gallons. 
26 


Gallons. 

50 




Feet. 


Rusty... 
Rusty... 


1911 


24 


15 


1911 









Springs in Franhlin. 



Map 
No. 


Owner. 


Topo- 
graphic 
position. 


Elevation 

above 
sea level. 


Yield 

per 

minute. 


Amount 

used 
per day. 


Temper- 
ature. 


9 




Slope.. . 
Slope... 
Slope . . . 
Slope... 
Slope.. . 


Feet. 
190 
230 
230 
235 
260 


Gallons. 

0.5 
.2 
.5 

6 

1 


Gallons. 






55 


13 




55 


14 




54 


26 




50 


30 


Woodward 






« 







QUALITY OF GROUND WATER. 

The shallow well of T. O'Hearn yields soft water of very low 
mineral content. 

Analysis of water of the 25 foot (?) well of T. O^Hearn {PL XII, No. 15), collected June 

15, 1915. 

[R. B. Dole, analyst.] Parts per 

million. 

Total solids at 180° C 46 

Total hardness as CaCOg 19 

Iron (Fe) 10 

Carbonate radicle (CO3) 

Bicarbonate radicle (HCO3) 27 

Sulphate radicle (SOJ 3 

Chlorine (Cl) 2.9 



GKOUXD WATEE IX THE HAETFOE-D AXD OTHEE AEEAS^ CONN. 133 



SAYBROOK. 



POPULATION AND INDUSTRIES. 



Saybrook is in the south-central part of Connecticut, in ^Middlesex 
County. It is reached by the Valley branch of the New York, New 
Haven & Hartford Railroad (station at Deep River), and by steam- 
boats from Hartford and New York daily during the open season. 
The post office is at Deep River. The western part of the town 
receives mail by rural delivery from Deep River. 

Saybrook was settled in 1635 and united with Comiecticut in 
December, 1644. The area of the town is 15 square miles. 

The population of Saybrook in 1910 was 1,907. The population 
from 1756 to 1910 is shown in the following table: 

Population of Sayhrooh, 1756 to 1910. 



Year. 



1756 
1774 

1782 
1790 
1800 
ISIO 
1820 
1830 



Popula- 
tion. 


Per cent 
increase. 


Percent i 
decrease. 1 

1 


1,931 
2,687 
2,738 
3,233 
3,363 
3,996 
4,165 
5,018 


II 


39 
2 

18 
4 

19 
4 

20 




1 






1 









Year. 



1840 
1850 
1860 
1870 
1880 
1890 
1900 
1910 



Popula- 
tion. 



3,417 
2,904 
1,213 
1,267 
1,362 
1,484 
1,634 
1,907 



Per cent 
increase. 



9 
10 
17 



Per cent 
decrease. 



a 32 
15 
58 



a Westbrook was set off from Saybrook in 1840. 

The principal industries are agriculture and the manufacture of 
piano keys, piano-player actions, ivory and bone goods, wire goods, 
button hooks, crochet needles, etc. 

Four dams on Deep River, in the vicinity of Deep River, furnish 
power. 

TOPOGRAPHY. 

The lowest elevation in Saybrook is sea level along Connecticut 
River; the highest is about 460 feet, in the northwest corner of the 
town. The rock cover is generally thin and the present topography 
is due chiefly to undulations of the rock floor. 

Connecticut River forms the east boundary of Saybrook and 
receives all the drainage from the town. Deep River rises in the 
northwest corner of the town and enters the Comiecticut at Deep 
River. The total fall of this stream is 400 feet, or an average of 
about 50 feet to the mile. 

HaK the area of Saybrook, including most of the hills and steep 
slopes, is wooded. The farm lands occupy the central part of the 
town about Winthrop and areas near the Connecticut south of Deep 
River. 

WATER-BEARING FORMATIONS. 

Bedroclcs. — The bedrocks, which Gregory has named Mamacoke, 
Middletown, and Haddam gneisses and Haddam granite gneiss,^ 



1 See Preliminary geological map of Connecticut: State Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey Bull. 7, 1907. 



134 GROUND WATER IN THE HARTFORD AND OTHER AREAS, CONN. 

appear at the surface on the liillsides throughout the town (PL XIII, 
in pocket). Jomts or cracks appear in all exposures and range in size 
from partings that are barely visible to openings an inch or more in 
width. The largest extend 200 or 300 feet below the surface, afford- 
ing space for the storage of ground water (p. 20). 

Till. — Glacial drift forms a mantle over the rock surface throughout 
the greater part of the to^\ai and consists of typical till or unstratified 
sand and clay containing numerous bowlders. It ranges in thick- 
ness from a few inches to about 30 feet and averages about 20 feet. 
Many domestic water supplies are obtained from dug wells which 
end m till. (See p. 15.) 

Stratified drift. — In the vicinity of Deep River the drift includes 
patches of sand which were deposited by water around the hills. 
These deposits are not, however, large enough to be of much impor- 
tance m determining the location of wells. 

GROUND-WATER SUPPLIES. 

The average depth of shallow wells is about 12 feet. Eighteen 
wells examined ranged in depth from 8 to 18 feet. The depth to 
water, as determined by the measurement of 22 wells, ranges from 5 
to 17 feet and averages about 10 feet. The total fluctuation of the 
water table in three wells was 3, 5, and 7 feet, respectively. Nearly 
all the wells m Saybrook are situated in till and afford adequate 
supphes. Only one well was reported to go dry. The quantity of 
water used daily, as reported for six wells, ranges from 10 to 30 
gallons and averages 20 gallons. 

Springs are common along the streams and on the slopes in Say- 
brook, but they are generally small, few yielding more than half a 
gallon per minute, and all responding to changes in the weather. 

PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY. 

Part of Deep River is supplied with water from a reservoir of the 
GuiKord Chester Water Co., near Chester. A flat rate is charged and 
the quantity of water delivered is not measured. 

RECORDS OF WELLS AND SPRINGS. 

The available information concerning the wells and springs of 
Saybrook is presented in the following tables: 



SAYBEOOK. 

Dug wells in Sayhrooh. 



135 



Map 
No. 


Owner. 


Topo- 
graphic 
position. 


Eleva- 
tion 
above 
sea level. 


Depth. 


Depth to 
water. 


Eleva- 
tion of 
water 
table 
above 
sea. 


Fluctua- 
tion of 
water 
table. 


Yield per 
minute. 


1 




HiD 

Plain.... 
Slope.... 
VaUej-.. 
Slope.... 
Plain.... 
Slope.... 
Slope.... 
Slope.... 

Hill 

Slope 

Slope 

Slope 

Hill 

Hill 

Hill 

Slope 

Slope.... 

Hill 

Slope — 
Slope.... 
Plain.... 


Feet. 

160 

146 

200 

260 

300 

360 

390 

370 

290 

290 

300 

300 

140 

140 

140 

140 

20 

30 

20 

40 

60 

155 


Feet. 

14 

9 


Feet. 
14 

5 
11 

9 
13 

8 
10 
16 

8 

9 
10 

8.5 

7 

6 

5 

6 

8 

11.5 
17 
15 
16 
10 


Feet. 
146 
141 
189 
251 
287 
252 
380 
354 
282 

28 
290 
291.5 
133 
134 
135 
134 

12 

18.5 
3 

25 

44 
145 


Feet. 


Gallons. 


2 








3 








4 




11 

13 

14 

12.5 

17 

9.5 
10.5 
11 

9.5 
11 

9 

8 
10.5 






5 


L. T. Louis 


5 




6 






7 


Jacob Hemmig...' 






8 






9 


J. M. Moot 




4 


10 






13 




i 


14 








Ifi 








17 








18 








?0 






(a) 


?? 






?3 




12 
18.5 


3 




?4 


R, fl, TlrivVmaTi 




?o 


E.E.Smith 






?6 


A. E. Lord 








?.7 




12 


7 











Map 
No. 


Owner. 


Amount 

used per 

day. 


Section. 


Wall. 


Cover. 


1 




Gallons. 
20 


TiU 


Stone 

Stone 

Stone 

Stone 

Stone 

Stone 

Stone 

Stone 

Stone 

Stone 

Stone 

Stone 

Stone 

Stone 

Stone 

Stone 

Stone 

Stone 

Stone 

Stone 

Stone 

Stone 


Open. 


2 




Till 


Open. 


3 






Till 


4 






Till 


Open. 
Open. 


5 


L.T.Louis 






10 




Till 


6 




Till 


Plank. 


7 


Jacob Hemmig 


Till 


Open. 


8 




Till 


Open. 
Open. 
Open. 
Open.' 
Open. 


9 


J. M. Mook 


Till 


10 




15 


Till 


13 




Till 


14 






Till 


16 




20 


Till 


Plank. 


17 




Till 


Plank. 


18 






Till 


Open. 


20 







Till 


Open. 


?.?. 




Till 


Plank. 


23 






Till 


Plank. 


?4 


R. C. Brockman 


30 


Till 


Open. 


25 


E . E . Smith 


Till 


Plank. 


?f> 


A. E. Lord 




Till 


Plank. 


27 




30 


Till 


Shed. 











a Well goes dry. 
Springs in Sayhrooh. 



Map 
No. 


Owner. 


Topo- 
graphic 
position. 


Eleva- 
tion 
above 
sea level. 


Yield 

per 

minute. 


Amount 

used 
per day. 


11 




Slope.... 
Slope.... 
Slope.... 
Valley.. 
Slope 


Feet. 
230 
235 
165 
140 
105 


Gallons. 


Gallons. 



12 









15 




0.2 





19 







21 




.5 












136 GROUND WATER IN THE HARTFORD AND OT^HER AREAS, CONN. 

ESSEX. 
POPULATION AND INDUSTRIES. 

Essex, in the soutli-central part of Connecticut, in Middlesex 
County, comprises an area of 13 square miles. It is reached by the 
Valley branch of the New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad, 
by steamboat from Hartford and New York daily during the open 
season, and by the Shore Line Electric Railroad from Deep River 
and New Haven. Post offices are maintained at Essex, Centerbrook, 
and Ivoryton. 

Essex was separated from Old Saybrook and incorporated in May, 
1854. 

The population of Essex in 1910 was 2,745. The population of 
the town from 1850 to 1910 is shown in the following table: 

Population of Essex, 1850 to 1910. 



Year. 


Popula- 
tion. 


Per cent 
increase. 


Per cent 
decrease. 


1850 


950 
1,764 
1,669 
1,855 






1860 


86 




1870 


5 


1880 


11 







Year. 



1890 
1900 
1910 



Popula- 
tion. 



2,035 
2,530 
2,745 



Per cent 
increase. 



10 

24 

9 



Per cent 
decrease. 



The principal industries are agriculture, wood turning, and nickel 
plating, and the manufacture of augers and bits, bone and ivory 
goods, and piano keys and piano boards. Boat building, sail mak- 
ing, and the repair of vessels is carried on to some extent. 

Water power developed along Falls River is used by manufactur- 
mg plants at Ivoryton and Centerbrook. 

TOPOGRAPHY. 

The topography of Essex is characterized by numerous hills about 
200 feet high, rising above flat drift-filled valley floors. The highest 
elevation is 360 feet, in the northeast corner of the town, and the 
lowest elevation is sea level, along Connecticut River. The tidal 
flat along Connecticut River is about half a mile wide. Rock is 
exposed in all the hills, but in the valleys the drift is in some places 
more than 50 feet thick. 

Connecticut River forms the east boundary of Essex and receives 
all the drainage from the town. Falls River enters the town at the 
southeast corner and flows through Ivoryton and Centerbrook to 
the Connecticut at Essex. The total fall within the town is about 
100 feet, or about 20 feet to the mile. 

The farm lands lie along Trout Brook and Falls River and com- 
prise about one-fourth the area of the town. Woodlands comprising 



ESSEX. 137 

about 5 square miles occupy the borders of the town, includmg 
practically all the hills. 

WATER-BEARING FORMATIONS. 

Bedrocks. — The Mamacoke, Middletown, and Hebron gneisses and 
the Haddam granite gneiss of the Connecticut State Geological and 
Natural History Survey fonn the rock floor of Essex and appear at 
the surface on most of the hillsides throughout the town (PL XIII, 
in pocket). For description of water in bedrock see page 20. 

TiU. — Till, which cjonsists of heterogeneous mixtures of bowlders, 
gravel, sand, and clay, is distributed over the rock surface throughout 
the western part of the town .and at elevations above 40 feet in the 
eastern part. Its thickness ranges from a few inches to about 25 
feet. The occurrence of water in the till is described on page 15. 

Stratified drift. — Deposits of sand are found in the vicinity of 
Centerbrook and at elevations less than 40 feet surrounding the 
hills in the east part of the town. In the vaUey of the south branch 
of FaUs River, south of Centerbrook, weUs 20 feet deep end in strati- 
fied drift, and the total thickness of the deposit probably exceeds 
50 feet. In the vicinity of Essex it is, however, less than 20 feet 
thick. The occurrence of water in deposits of this kind is discussed 
on page 15. 

GROUND-WATER SUPPLIES. 

The average depth of 16 wells measured in Essex is 15 feet, the 
extremes bemg 5 and 30 feet. Depth to water ranges from 2 to 24 
feet and averages 12 feet. The total fluctuation of the water in 
two wells was 4 and 6 feet, respectively. Nearly all the weUs in 
Essex end in till, but only two were said to fail. The quantity of 
water used, as reported for nine weUs, ranges from 15 to 50 gallons 
per day, the average being 26 gallons. 

Many small springs issue on the slopes throughout the town, but 
none of those observed is known to be permanent. AU are gravity 
springs, deriving their water from very local sources, and few of 
them are so situated that they are of value for domestic supplies. 
A spring belonging to H. A. Pratt (No. 13, PI. XIII) yielded half a 
gallon a minute. The altitude of the spring is 50 feet above sea 
level and the temperature of the water 55° F. 

The drift-filled central vaUey of Essex is believed to contain prin- 
cipally stratified deposits of sand and gravel. The depth of the 
filling has not been determined, but it is probably more than 50 
feet in the central part. The conditions are favorable for the storage 
of a large quantity of ground water, which could be most econom- 
ically recovered by means of driven wells (p. 40). 



138 GROUND WATER IN THE HARTFORD AND OTHER AREAS^ CONN. 

PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY. 

A small part of Essex is supplied with water from a reservoir of 
the Guilford Chester Water Co. near Chester. A flat rate is charged, 
and no record of consmnption is kept. 

RECORDS OF WELLS. 



Information concernmg the wells of Essex is presented m the 

Dug wells in Essex. 



folio whig tahles: 



Map 

No. 


Owner. 


Topo- 
graphic 
position. 


Eleva- 
tion 

above 
sea 

level. 


Depth. 


Depth 
to water. 


Eleva- 
tion of 
water 

table 
above 

sea. 


Fluctua- 
tion of 
water 
table. 


1 


David Gannon 


HiU 

Hill 

Valley.. 
Plain.... 

Slope 

Slope 

Hill 

Flat 

Slope 

Slope.... 

Slope 

Slope 

Flat 

Plain.... 

Hill 

Flat 

Flat 

Flat 

Slope.... 


Feet. 

280 

120 

250 

110 

105 

210 

2G0 

50 

20 

23 

25 

58 

18 

45 

160 

33 

30 

15 

40 


Fed. 

17 

116 

16 


Feet. 
15 
15 
13 
11 

14.5 
14.5 


Feet. 
265 
105 
237 

99 

90.5 
195.5 


Feet. 


2 






3 


Alfred Wilcox 


6 


4 






5 




19.5 
18 
30. 
25 

8 
12 
15 
13 
19 
13 

5 




6 






7 


Charles Lund 




8 




24 

4.5 
10 
15 
13+ 
16 
11 

2 

9 

12 

9 


26 
15.5 
13 
10 




9 


C. C. Dibble 




10 


E. A. Parker 




11 






12 


H. A. Pratt 




14 


D. F. Doane 


2 

34 

158 

24 

18 

6 


4 


15 






16 


Matt Bro^vn 




17 


W. I. Doane ■ 




18 


P. E. Post 


13 
11 




19 


E. J. Pratt 




20 


A. H. Pratt 

















Map 
No. 


Owner. 


Amount 

used per 

day. 


Depth 
to rock. 


Section. 


WaU. 


Cover. 


1 


David Gannon 


Gallons. 
20 


Feet. 


Till 


Stone 

Stone 

Stone..*. 

Stone 

Stone 


Open. 
Open. 
Open. 


2 




16 


Till 


3 


Alfred Wilcox 


a 50 


TiU 


4 






TiU 


5 








Till 


Open. 


6 




30 
50 




TiU 


7 


Charles Lund 




TiU 


Stone 

Stone 

Stone 

Stone 

Stone 

Stone 

Stone 

Stone 

Board 

Stone 

Stone 

Stone 


Plank. 


8 






Till 


Open. 
Open. 
Open. 
Open. 
Open. 
Shed. 


9 


C.C. Dibble 


15 




TiU 


10 


E. A. Parker. 




TiU 


11 






Dry. 

20 

25 

10 




TiU 


12 


H. A. Pratt.. 




TiU 


14 


D. F. Doane 




Sand 

TiU 


15 






Open. 
Open. 
Plank. 


16 


Matt Brown 




TiU 


17 


W.I. Doane 




TiU 


18 


P. E. Post 


ol5 




TOl 


Open. 
Open. 
Plank. 


19 


E. J. Pratt 




Till 


20 


A.H.Pratt 






TiU 

















o Well goes dry. 



GROUND WATER IX THE HARTFORD AND OTHER AREAS, CONN. 139 

WESTBROOK. 
POPULATION AND INDUSTRIES. 

Westbrook comprises an area of 19 square miles lying in tlie south- 
central part of Connecticut, near the mouth of Connecticut River, in 
Middlesex County. It is reached by the New London division of the 
New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad and by electric railway 
from New Haven. There are post offices at Westbrook and Grove 
Beach. 

Westbrook was separated from Saj^brook and incorporated in 
May, 1840. 

The population of Westbrook in 1910 was 951. The population 
from 1840 to 1910 is sho^\Ti in the following table. The principal 
industries are agriculture and fishing. 

Population of Westbrook, 1840 to 1910. 



Year. 


Popula- 
tion. 


Per cent 
increase. 


Per cent 
decrease. 


Year. 


Popula- 
tion. 


Per cent 
increase. 


Per cent 
decrease. 


1840 


1,182 

1,202 

974 

987 






1880 


878 
874 
884 
951 




11 


1850 


2 




1890 




.5 


1860 


19 


1900 


1 

8 




1870 


1 


1910 













TOPOGRAPHY. 

The surface of Westbrook slopes gradually toward the tidal flat, 
which is about three-quarters of a mile wide. The highest elevation 
is 350 feet. 

Practically all the drainage in Westbrook enters the Sound at 
Menunketesuck Point through Patchogue and Menunketesuck rivers. 
The former drains the east half of the town and the latter the west 
half. 

Woodlands comprise an area of about 12 square miles. The farm 
lands are situated principally in the vicinity of Westbrook, in the 
southeast comer of the to^m, and extend northward along Trout 
Brook. 

WATER-BEARING FORMATIONS. 

Bedrocks. — ^Tlie southern haH of Westbrook is underlain by rocks 
which have been designated in publications of the Connecticut State 
Geological and Natural History Survey Mamacoke gneiss, Stony Creek 
granite gneiss, and Lyrae granite gneiss. The northern half is underlain 
by rocks which have been designated Middletown gneiss and Haddam 
granite gneiss.^ There are a few exposures along the shore, but in 

1 See Preliminary geological map of Connecticut: State Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey Bull. 7, 1907. 



140 GROUND WATER IN THE HARTFORD AND OTHER AREAS, CONN. 

the northern part of the town outcrops are numerous.- (See PL XIII, 
in pocket.) The occurrence of water in crystalline rocks is discussed 
on page 20. 

TUl. — Till, consisting of a heterogeneous mixture of bowlders, gravel, 
sand, and clay, occurs generally throughout the town. Its average 
thickness is about 20 feet and maximum thickness about 30 feet. 
The occurrence of water in till is described on page 15. 

Stratified drift. — ^Isolated deposits of sand, 5 to 10 or 15 feet thick, 
occur along the west side of the valley of Trout Brook and at a few 
places in the northwestern part of the town. None of these deposits 
are extensive and they are not important as a source of ground water. 
Beach sand has accumulated along the shore of Westbrook Harbor, 
but tiU extends out to the water's edge at Chapman Point and on the 
west side of the town. 

GROUND-WATER SUPPLIES. 

The depth of dug wells in Westbrook, as determined by measure- 
ments of 29 wells, ranges from 9 to 29 feet and averages about 18 feet. 
The depth to water, measured in 31 weUs, ranges from 5 to 25 feet 
and averages 14 feet. Four wells have shown fluctuations ranging 
from 3 to 6 feet. Three of the wells examined penetrate rock and 
three have failed during recent dry seasons. The daily consumption 
of water, as reported for 13 wells, ranges from 5 to 30 gallons, aver- 
aging 15 gallons. A number of weUs have been dug south of West- 
brook within a few rods of the shore and at elevations only a few feet 
above sea level. These wells range in depth from 15 to 25 feet and 
contain large supplies of fresh water. 

In the southern part of the town are two drilled weUs 40 and 135 
feet deep, respectively. Both end in rock and produce good domestic 
supphes. One of these wells is within half a mile of the shore and 
ends at a pomt more than 100 feet below sea level. The other weU 
is a little more than a mile from shore and extends 5 feet below sea 
level. 

A few small springs issue on the slopes in the northern part of the 
town, bud they are not suitably situated for use in domestic supphes. 
One spring (Xo. 33, PI. XIII), located at an altitude of 140 feet, was 
found to yield 0.5 gallon of water a minute. 

RECORDS OF WELLS. 

The available information regarding the weUs of Westbrook is set 
forth in the following tables : 



WESTBROOK. 

Dug ivells in Westbrook. 



141 



Map 
No. 


Owner. 


Topo- 
graphic 
position. 


Elevation 

above 
sea level. 


Depth. 


Depth 
to water. 


Elevation 
of water 

table 
above sea. 


Fluctua- 
tion of 
water 
table. 


1 


Mrs. Heflin 


Flat 

Flat 

Flat 

Flat 

Flat 

Flat 

Flat 

Hill 

Flat 

Flat 

Ravine.. 

Slope 

Plain... 
Slope. .. 

Hill 

Hill 

Slope.... 

Slope 

Hill 

HUl 

Hill 

Hill 

Slope 

Hill..... 
Valley. . 
Shore... 
Shore... 
Sh&re... 
Shore... 

Flat 

Slope 


Feet. 

18 

30 

30 

25 

30 

50 

50 

30 

38 

40 

120 

140 

210 

• 160 

205 

230 

175 

200 

175 

155 

150 

120 

55 

30 

15 

15 

12 

13 

15 

90 

100 


Feet. 
13.5 
11 
26 
22 


Feet. 
12.5 

9 

24.5 
22 

8 
12 
19 

23.5 
19 
12 
16 
21 

9 
14 
15 
13 

5.5 

9.5 
15 
12 
13 

16.5 
18 
12.5 
12 
12 
12 
12 
13 

9 
12 


Feet. 
5.5 
21 
5.5 
3 
22 
38 
31 
6.5 
19 
28 
105 
119 
201 
146 
190 
217 
1G9.0 
190.5 
160 
143 
147 
103.5 
37 
17.5 
3 
3 
10 
6 
2 
81 
88 


Feet. 


2 


H. M. Platts 




3a 






4 


A. H. Reynolds 




5 






6 


Steinbach 


14.5 
21 
25 
20 
13.5 
18 
23 
11 

16.5 
18.5 
15 
9 

14.5 
22 




7 


W. Z. Jones 




8 






9 






10 






11 






1? 


John Hayden 




13 




4 


14 






15 






16 


Robert Harvey 


6 


17 


S. E. Stevens 




18 
19 










20 






21 


H. C. finhmelre ., 


16 

18.5 

19 

28.5 

13 

18 

24 

18 

20 

10.5 

14 




22 






23 






24 






25 


E. A. Dean 




27 




3 


28 






29 




4 


30 






31 


R. W. Wright 




32 













Map 
No. 


Owner. 


Amount 

used 
per day. 


Depth 
to rock. 


Section. 


Wall. 


Cover. 


1 


Mrs. Heflia 


Gallons. 

10 





5 


Feet. 


Sand 

Till 


Stone 

Stone 

Stone 

Stone 


Open. 
Open. 
Open. 
Open. 


2 


H. M. Platts 




3 






Till 


4 


A. H. Reynolds 




Till 


5 








6 


Steinbach 


30 
10 
25 

15 




Till 


Stone 

Stone 

Stone 

Stone 

Stone 

Stone 

Stone 

Stone 

Stone 

Stone 

Stone 

Stone 

Stone 

Stone 


Plank. 


7 


W. Z. Jones 




Till 


Open. 
Open. 
Open. 
Open. 
Open. 


8 






Till 


9 




20 


Till 


10 




Till 


11 






Till 


12 


John Hayden 


oO 

a 10 





10 

15 



20 




Till 


13 




11 


Till 


Open. 
Open. 
Open. 
Open. 
Open. 
Open. 


14 




Till 


15 






Till 


16 


Robert Harvey 




Till 


17 


S.E.Stevens 




Till... 


18 






Till 


19 






Till 


Plank. 


20 










21 


H. C. Schmelre 



10 


20 




Till 


Stone 

Stone 

Stone 

Stone 

Stone 

Stone 

Stone 

Stone ... 

Stone 

Stone 

Tile 


Plank. 


22 




15 


Till 


Open. 


?3 




Till 


Open. 


24 






Till 


Open. 


25 


E. A. Dean . 




Till 


Open. 
Shed. 


27 










28 










Plank. 


29 












30 












31 


ii. W. Wright 






Till 


Open. 


3-^ 




a 15 




Till 


Open. 















a Well goes dry. 



142 GROUND WATER IN THE HARTFORD AND OTHER AREAS, CONN. 

Drilled wells in Westbrooh. 



Map 
No. 


Owner. 


Topo- 
graphic 
position. 


Elevation 

above 
sea level. 


Depth. 


Amount 

used 
per day. 


Depth 
to rock. 


Quality 
of water. 


Drilled 

in 
year— 


3 


Wm. Johnson 


Flat 

Flat 

Slope. . . 


Feet. 
35 
25 


Feet. 
40 
135 


Gallons. 
30 
25 


Feet. 
10 


Rusty... 
Good... 


1908 


?fi 


John Veeser 




34 


11. 11. Stannard 








8o 


Knough 


Slope 




















1 











QUALITY OF GROUND WATER. 

Both of the waters that were analyzed from drilled wells in West- 
brook, though from different depths, are moderate in muieral content 
and fairly soft. 

Analyses of water from drilled wells in Westbrook. 

[Part? per million; R. B. Dole, analyst.] 



Constituents. 



Total solids at 180° C 

Total hardness as CaCOs 

Iron (Fe) 

Carbonate radicle (CO3) 

Bicarbonate radicle (HCO3) . 

Sulphate radicle (SO4) 

Chlorine (CI) 



72 


140 


57 


64 


.25 


.15 


.0 


.0 


12 


74 


10 


23 


34 


13 



1. Well of Wm. Johnson (PI. XIII, No. 3), 40 feet deep; sample collected June 14, 1915. 

2. Well of John Veeser (PL XIH, No= 26), 135 feet deep; sample collected June 14, 1915. 

OLD LYME. 
POPULATION AND INDUSTRIES. 

Old Lyme is situated in the south-central part of Connecticut, 
at the mouth of Connecticut River, in New London County. It is 
reached by the New London division of the New York, New Haven 
& Hartford Railroad (stations at Lyme and Black Hall), by steam- 
boat from Hartford and New York daily during the open season, 
and by stage from North Lyme. Post offices are maintained at 
Lyme, South Lyme, Black Hall, and Sound View. 

Old Ljone was taken from Lyme and incorporated in May, 1855, 
as South Lyme. The name was changed to Old Lyme in 1857. 
The area of the town is 27 square miles. 

The population in 1910 was 1,181. The following table shows 

the population from 1860 to 1910. The principal industry is 

agriculture : 

Population of Old Lyme, 1860 to 1910. 



Year. 


Popula- 
tion. 


Per cent 
increase. 


Per cent 
decrease. 


Year. 


PODUlar 

tion. 


Per cent 
increase. 


Per cent 
decrease. 


1860 


1,304 
1,362 
1,387 






1890 


1,319 
1,180 
1,181 




5 


1870 


4 
2 




1900 




11 


1880. 


1 


1910 








' 









OLD LYME. 143 

TOPOGRAPHY. 

The south and west borders of Old Lyme are characterized by 
tidal flats, which reach a width of 2 miles ua the southwest corner of 
the town. In the vicmity of Roger Lake, on the north border, a 
broad flat area, 50 feet above sea level, 2 miles long and 1 J miles wide, 
marks the position of an ancient lake. Hills produced by undula- 
tions of the rock floor and ranging in height from 100 to 260 feet 
occur throughout the other parts of the town. The highest pomt, 
270 feet above sea level, is on the east border. (See PI. XIII, in 
pocket.) 

Connecticut Eiver forms the western boundary and Long Island 
Soimd the south boundary, and aU the dramage enters these water 
bodies. The prmcipal streams within the town are Lieutenant, Duck, 
and Blackball rivers and Mill Creek, all tidal for 1 to 3 miles above 
their mouths. Roger Lake, 49 feet above sea level, lies partly in the 
town of Lyme and partly in Old Lyme; its outlet is a tributary to 
Lieutenant River. 

The tidal flats lie along the south and west borders of the town and 
extend up BlackhaU River to Black HaU and up Lieutenant River 
nearly to Laysville. 

Woodlands along the west border of the town and in the central 
part, extending from Black Hah north to Rogers Lake, occupy about 
haK the area of Old Lyme. The cultivated lands are situated m the 
valleys of Blackball River and Lieutenant River. 

WATER-BEARING FORMATIONS. 

Bedrocks. — The bedrocks consist of the formations named by Greg- 
ory Mamacoke gneiss and Lyme granite gneiss.^ The former is 
exposed in the hills in the eastern and southern parts of the town and 
the latter appears at the surface in the northwest quarter of the 
town. The occurrence of water m rocks of this type is discussed on 
page 20. 

Till. — ^Unstratified deposits of sand, clay, and bowlders of glacial 
origm lie at the surface in the eastern half of the town and on the 
hills in the western half, except where bedrock is exposed. These 
deposits range in thickness from a few inches to about 30 feet and 
average about 20 feet. See page 15 for a discussion of the occurrence 
of water in this formation. 

Stratified drift. — In the vicinity of Roger Lake and extending west- 
ward from the lake about IJ miles and southward from the town hne 
to LaysviUe, a distance of nearly 2 miles, is a deposit of stratified sand 
and gravel exceeding 15 feet in thickness. SmaU deposits of sand are 
found at several places in the vaUey of BlackhaU River (PL XIII). 

J gee Preliminary geological map of Comiecticut: State Geol. and Nat. Hist. Siirvey Bull. 7, 1907. 



144 GROUND WATER IN THE HARTFORD AND OTHER AREAS^ CONN. 



GROUND- WATER SUPPLIES. 

Dug wells in Old Lyme range in depth from 8 to 35 feet and average 
about 15 feet. Depth to water, as determined by measurements of 
40 wells, ranges from 5 to 34 feet and averages 12 feet. The average 
fluctuation of the water table, as determined by measurements of 4 
weUs, is about 4 feet. Three of the weUs examined penetrate rock 
and 3 had recent!}^ been dry. Reports for 14 wells indicated an 
average daily consumption ranging from 10 to 35 gallons and aver- 
aging about 15 gallons. Eight of the wells examined are not used. 

Six drilled wells ui Old Lyme range in depth from 90 to 314 feet. 
The yields were not determmed but are sufficient for domestic needs. 
From one of these weUs 30 gallons a day is used and from another 
2,000 gallons a day; the other four are seldom used. 

The stratified deposits in the vicinity of Roger Lake are probably 
thick enough to store a large supply of ground water. A pubhc water 
supply is needed now and the newly constructed electric railroad will 
increase this demand. The utihzation of the ground waters in the 
vicinity of Roger Lake by means of driven wells should receive con- 
sideration. The lake itself lies too low to be available for use with- 
out pumping. 

RECORDS OF WELLS. 

Information concerning the weUs of Old Lyme is set forth in the 

following tables: 

Dug wells in Old Lyme. 



Map 
No. 


O^vner. 


Topo- 
graphic 
position. 


Elevation 
above 

sea 
level. 


Depth. 


Depth 

to 
water. 


Elevation 

of water 

table 

above 

sea. 


Fluctua- 
tion of 
water 
table. 


Yield 

per 

Tninute. 


1 




Flat 

Valley. . 

Slope 

Flat 

Slope.... 

Flat 

Hill 

Plain.... 
Plain.... 

Hill 

Flat 

Flat 

Flat 

Slope 

Slope — 

Slope 

Flat 

Hill 

Hill 

Slope.... 

Hill 

Hill 

Slope 

Slope 

Slope.... 
Slope.... 
Slope.... 
Plain.... 
Plain.... 
Plain.... 
Slope 


Feet. 
16 
35 
23 

16 
14 
15 
18 
24 
30 
22 
18 
18 
19 
60 
85 
30 
8 
45 
45 
70 
135 
173 
214 
50 
25 
35 
32 
50 
50 
48 
60 


Feet. 
13 

9 

8 

8 
13 

12.5 
14 
12 
14 
14 
12 
17 
10 
11 

10.5 
18 
14 
15 
15 
12 
35 
12 
12 
10 

9 
14 
13 
12 
10 
11 
17 


Feet. 

11 

5 

6 

6 

11 

11 

12 

8 

14 

13 

10 

16 

9 

9 

8 

16 

5 


Feet. 

5 

30 

14 

10 

3 

4 

6 

16 

16 

9 

8 

2 

10 

51 

77 

14 

3 


Feet. 


Gallons. 


2 


S. P. Monroe 






3 


B. L. Bramble 






7 


J. A. De Wolf 






8 


Black Hall School 






9 






10 








11 


Byron Maynard 






12 


do 


3+ 
6 


(a) 
(a) 


13 


W. P. Howard 


14 


Henry Austin 


15 


H. H. Haines 


5 


4 


16 




(a) 


17 






18 


W. L. Anderson 






19 


Mrs. C. Roberts 






20 








23 




2+ 




24 




14.7 

10 

34 


30.3 
60 
101 




25 


Leonard 






26 


Brown 






27 


G. H. Reed 






28 




11 

8 


203 

42 






29 


Matthew Rouland 

E. J. Swaney 






30 






31 


do 1 


12 

12 
9.5 
8.2 
9 

15 


23 
20 

40.5 
41.8 
39 
45 






32 


T. J. Dickey 






33 








84 


Mrs. Georgeanna Maynard 






35 






36 









a Well goes dry. 



OLD LYME. 

Dug wells in Old Lyme — Continued. 



145 



Map 
No. 


Owner. 


Topo- 
graphic 
position. 


Elevation 

above 

sea 

level. 


Depth. 


Depth 

to 
water. 


Elevation 

of water 

table 

above 

sea. 


Fluctua- 
tion of 
water 
table. 


Yield 

per 

minute. 


38 


Fred Harding 


Slope — 

Hill 

Slope — 

Hill 

Plain.... 
Plain.... 
Slope.... 
Slope.... 

Flat 

Slope 

Slope 

Hill 


Feet. 
75 

110 
60 
43 
40 
50 
20 
35 
18 
20 
60 

208 


Feet. 
20 
28 
17 
32 
20 
12 

18.5 
10 
13 
21 
22 
20 


Feet. 
18 
21 
13 
30 
16 
10 
16.5 
8 
11 
20 
18 
16 


Feet, 
bl 
89 
47 
13 
24 
40 

3.5 
27 

7 



42 

192 


Feet. 


Gallons. 


39 








40 








41 








42 








43 








44 






■ 


45 


E. P. Trowbridge 






46 






47 








48 








49 


H. C. Pearson 















Map 
No. 


Owner. 


Amount 

used per 

day. 


Depth 

to 
rock. 


Section. 


Wall. 


Cover. 


1 




Gallons. 
60 


Feet. 


Till 


Stone 


Plank. 


2 


S. P. Monroe 




^ill 


Stone 


Open. 
Open. 
Plank. 


3 


B. L. Bramble 






Till 


Stone 


7 


J. A. De Wolf 






Till 


Stone 


8 


Black Hall School 






Till 


Stone 


Shed. 


9 








Sand 


Stone 


Open. 
Open. 


10 








Till 


Stone 


11 


Byron Maynard 






Till 




12 


.do 





14 


Till 


Stone 


Shed. 


13 


W. P. Howard 


Till 


Stone 


Open. 
Open. 
Open. 
Open. 
Open. 
Open. 
Open. 
Shed. 


14 


Henry Austin 


30 

25 





15 

10 








Till, sand 

Till 


Stone 


15 


H. H. Haines 




Stone 


16 






Sand 


Stone 


17 






Till 


Stone 


18 


W. L. Anderson 




Till 


Stone 


19 


Mrs. C. Roberts 




Till 


Stone 


20 






Sand 


Stone 


23 






Till 


Stone 


Open. 
Open. 
Plank. 


24 






Till 


Stone 


25 


Leonard 






Till 


Stone 


26 


Brown 


20 




Till 


Stone 


Shed. 


27 


G. H. Reed 




Till 


Concrete 

Stone 


Open. 
Open. 
Open. 
Open. 
Plank. 


28 




20 

15 



15 




Till 


29 


Matthew Rouland 




Till 


Stone 


30 


E. J. Swaney 




Till 


Stone 


31 


do 




Till 


Stone 


32 


T. J. Dickey 




Till 


Stone 


Open. 
Open. 
Open. 
Plank. 


33 








Gravel 

Gravel 

Gravel 

Till 


Stone 


34 


Mrs. G eorgeanna Maynard — 


30 




Stone 


35 




Stone 


36 








Stone 


Open. 
Open. 
Open. 
Open. 
Shed. 


38 


Fred Harding 


20 
30 




Till 


Stone 


39 






Till 


Stone 


40 






Till 


Stone 


41 









Till 


Stone 


42 






Till. . . 


Stone 


Plank. 


43 








Sand, gravel. . . 
Till 


Stone 


Open. 
Open. 
Open. 


44 








Stone 


45 


E. P. Trowbridge 







Till 


Stone 


46 






Till 


Stone 


47 




20 




Till 


Stone 


Open. 
Open. 
Open. 


48 






Till 


Stone 


49 


H. C. Pearson 


35 


18 


TiU, rock 


Stone 









97889°— wsp 374— 16- 



-10 



146 GROUND WATER IN THE HARTFORD AND OTHER AREAS, CONN. 

Drilled wells in Old Lyme. 



Map 

No. 


Owner. 


Topo- 
graphic 
position. 


Elevation 

above 
sea level. 


Depth. 


Yield 

per 

miiiute. 


Amount 

used per 

day. 


Quality 
of water. 


Drilled 

in 
year— 


4 


Mrs. Clara Noves 


Flat 

Flat 

Flat 

Shore... 

Shore 

Hill 


Feet. 
20 
25 
20 
12 
8 
82 


Fctt. 




Gallons. 

30 



2,000 




1911 


$ 


L. F. LowTv 








1911 


6 


J. A. De Wolf 


90 
101 
160 
314 


Low 






21 


Mrs. Sill 


Iron 




22 


Uale 






37 


H. L. Hoffman 






1908 











QUALITY OF GROUND WATER. 

The subjoined analysis shows the composition of water from a dug 
well supplying the house system of Fred Harding (PI. XIII, No. 38). 
The water is low in mineral content and fairly soft. 

Analysis of water of dug loell of Fred Harding, June 14, 1915. 

[R. B. Dole, analyst.] 

Parts per 
million. 

Total solids at 180° C 110 

Total hardness as CaCOg 35 

Iron (Fe ) Tr . 

Carbonate radicle (CO3) 

Bicarbonate radicle (HCO3) 40 

Sulphate radicle (SOJ 21 

Chlorine (CI) 9.5 



INDEX. 



A. 

Page. 

Acknowledgments for aid 11 

Absorption of rain water by gravel, sand, and 

clay 16 

Analyses of well waters 52, 

59,64,68,72,78,86,90,95, 
105, 118, 129, 132, 142, 146 

Areas examined, towns included in 11-13 

Avery Hill, elevation of 130 

B. 

Barrack Mountain, elevation Oi 123 

Bear Motmtain, elevation of Ill 

Beaver Brook, area drained by 130 

Black Hall, post office and railroad station at . 142 

Blackberry River, area drained by 119 

Blackball River, course of 143 

Bloomfield, ground- water supplies in 92-93 

groimd- water supplies in, quality of 94-95 

population and industries of 90-91 

records of wells and springs in 93-94 

topography of 91 

water-bearing formations in 91-92 

Blue Hill, elevation of 130 

Bradford Mountain, elevation of 123 

Broad Brook, post office and railroad station 

at 82-83 

public water supply of 85 

Brookliae, Mass., municipal pump tag plant 

at 31-34 

Brooklyn, N. Y., mimicipal pumping plant 

at 34 

Buckland, post office and railroad station at. 72 

Burnhams, railroad station at 68, 78 

Burnside, post office and railroad station at. . 68 
B jTam River, area drained by 106 

C. 

Canaan, population and industries of 122 

records of wells and springs in 124-125 

surface-water supplies in 124 

topography of 1 22-123 

water-bearing formations in 123-124 

Canaan Mountain, elevation of 119 

Casings, methods of perforating 41 

Cedar Mountain, elevation of 59, 65 

Centerbrook, post office at 136 

Chapinville, post office and railroad station 

at : 110-111 

Circulation of water in crystalline and trap 

rocks 20-22 

in limestones and Triassic sediments 22-23 

Clayton, railroad station at 59 

Cobble Hill, elevation of 123 



Page. 

Connecticut, cooperation by 10-11 

Connecticut River, Essex drained by 136 

Old Lyme drained by 143 

Saybrook drained by 133 

water of, quality of 49 

Connecticut River Valley, sections through, 

plate showing 18 

Converse Lake reservoir, capacity and loca- 
tion of 107, 108 

Cos Cob, post office and railroad station at. . . 105 

Cottage Grove, railroad station at 90 

Cowles, Henry C, acknowledgment to 11 

Crystalline rocks, water in 20-22 

D. 

Data, reliability of 13 

Deep River, post office and railroad station at. 133 

Deep River, course of 133 

DUlon & Douglass, well of 50 

Drift, stratified, character of 15-16 

stratified, sections of, plate showing 17 

unstratified, character of 15-16 

Duck River, course of 143 

Dune, section of, at South Windsor, plate 

showing 16 

E. 

East Canaan, post office and railroad sta- 
tion at 118 

East Hartford, ground- water supplies in 70-71 

ground-water, supplies in, quality of 72 

population and industries of 68 

public water supply of 71 

records of wells in 71-72 

surface-water supplies in 70 

topography of 68-69 

water-bearing formations in 69 

East Windsor, ground-water supplies in 84-85 

ground- water supplies, quality of 86 

population and industries of 82-83 

public water supply of 85 

records of wells in 85-86 

topography of 83 

water-bearing formations in 83-84 

East Windsor Hill, post office and railroad 

station at 78 

Elm wood, post office and railroad station at. . 52 

Essex, ground-water supplies in 137 

population and industries of 136 

public water supply in 138 

records of wells in 138 

topography of 136-137 

water-bearing formations in 137 

147 



148 



INDEX. 



P. 

Page. 

Falls River, course of 136 

Falls Village, post office and railroad station at 122 

Farmtngton River, area drained by 87-88 

Field work, nature of 11 

Fissures, circulation of water through 23 

in crystalline rock, plate showing 20 

in sandstone, plate showing 21 

in trap rock, plate showing 20 

Forbes, F. F., on the municipal pumping 

plant at Brookline, Mass 31-34 

Franklin, ground-water supplies in 131 

ground-water supplies in, quality of 132 

population and industries of 129 

records of wells and springs in 131-132 

topography of 130 

water-bearing formations in 130 

G. 

Glacial drift, water in 15-17 

Glenbrook, post office and railroad station at. 95 

Glcnville, post office at 105 

Goff Brook, course of 65 

Gray, Hadley G., acknowledgment to 11 

Greenwich, grovmd- water supplies in 107-108 

ground-water supplies in, quality of 110 

population and industries of 105-106 

public water supplies of 108 

records of wells and springs in 108-110 

surface-water supplies in 107 

topography of 106 

water-bearing formations in 106-107 

Greenwich Creek, area drained by 106 

Ground-water, annual supply of 18-20 

relation of rainfall to 13-14 

Grove Beach, post office at 139 

Guilford Chester Water Co., service of 134, 138 

H. 

Hartford, ground-water supplies in 49-51 

ground-water supplies in, quality of 51-52 

municipal water supply of 51 

population and industries of 46-47 

surface-water supplies in 49 

topography of 47 

water-]) earing formations in 47-49 

Hartford area, map of In pocket. 

towns included in 11-13 

Hartford Electric Light Co. , wells of 50 

Hartford Sanatorium, yield of well at 24 

Hartford waterworks, collecting areas of, map 

showing 52 

test wells of 50-51 

Hearthstone Hill, elevation of 130 

Highland Park, post office at 73 

Hobby, E. M., acknowledgment to 11 

Hockanum, post office at 68 

Hockanum River, area drained by 69, 73 

pollution of 70 

Hog River, area drained by 90 

Hollenbeck River, area drained by 123 

course of 123 

Horseneck Brook, area drained by 106 

Housatonic River, area drained by 111-112, 

119,123 
monthly discharge of, at Gaylordsville. . 1 12-113 



1. 

Page. 

Infiltration galleries, construction of 42-43 

use of, for municipal water supplies 30-31 

Investigation, history of 10-11 

Iron ore, occurrence of 114 

T vor5-ton, post office at 136 

K. 

Konkapot River, drainage area of 119 

L. 

Ladd, G. L. , acknowledgment to 11 

Lakeville, post office and railroad station 

at 110-111 

Lieutenant River, course of 143 

Lime rock, post office at Ill 

railroad station at 122 

Long Bros., well of 50 

M. 

Manchester, ground-water supplies in 74-75 

ground water, quality of 77-78 

population and industries of 72-73 

public water supplies of 75 

records of wells and springs in 75-77 

surface-water supplies in 74 

topography of 73 

water-bearing formations in 73-74 

Mead I'ond reservoir, capacity of 99 

Melrose, post office and railroad station at. . . 82-83 

Menim.ketesuck River, area drained by 139 

Mianus River, area drained by 96, 106 

reservoir on 97 

Mill Creek, course of 143 

Moore Brook, area drained by 111-112 

Municipal use, ground water for, quality of. . 27 

ground water for, quantity of 26-27 

sources of 27-36 

N. 

Nepaug River, reservoir on 51 

Newington, ground- water supplies in 60-61 

ground- water supplies in, quality of 63-64 

population and industries of 59 

public water supply of 61 

records of wells and springs in 62-63 

topography of 59-60 

water-bearing formations in 60 

Newtown, old name of Hartford 46 

Noroton River, area drained by 96 

North Canaan, ground-water supplies in 120 

population and industries of 118-119 

public water supply of 120-121 

records of wells and springs in 121-122 

topography of 119 

water-bearing formations in 119-120 

Noyes River, area drained by 53 

pollution of 54 

O. 

Obwebetuck Hill, elevation of 126 

Old Lyme, ground-water supplies in 144 

ground-water supplies in, quality of 146 

population and industries of 142 

records of wells in 144-146 

topography of 143 

water-bearing formations in 143 

Ore Hill, post office and railroad station at. . 110-111 
Osbom, railroad station at 82 



INDEX. 



149 



b 



P. 

Page. 

Palm, Frank , aclmowledgment to 11 

Park River, area drained by 47,53,60 

Par kville, post office at 46 

Patchogue River, area drained by 139 

Pine Grove, post office at 122 

Plainfield, N. J., municipal pumping plant at. 34-36 

Podunk River, area drained by 79 

Poquonock, post office at 87 

Precipitation, average yearly and monthly . . 14-15 

relation of ground water to 13-14 

Priors Creek, area drained by 83 

Prospect Hill, elevation of 130 

Putnam Lake reservoir, capacity and loca- 
tion of 107 

Q. 
Quantity of water, estimate of, in crystalline 

rocks and traps 21-22 

estimate of, in the glacial drift 18-20 

in the limestones and Triassic sedi- 
ments 24-25 

R. 

Rainbow, post office at 87 

Rainfall, see Precipitation. 

Rattlesnake Hill, elevation of 119 

Riga Lake, location of 113 

Rippowam River, drainage area of 96 

reservoir on 97 

Riverside, post office and railroad station at. . 105 
Rockwood Lake reservoir, capacity and loca- 
tion of 107 

Roger Lake, location of 143 

S. 

Salisbury, ground- water supplies in 115-116 

ground-water supplies in, quality of 118 

population and industries of 110-111 

public water supply of 116 

records of wells and springs in 116-118 

surface-water supplies in 115 

topography of 111-113 

water-bearing formations in 113-115 

Salisbury area, map of In pocket. 

towns included in 13 

Salmon Creek, drainage area of 111-112 

Sandstone, contact of trap rock with, plate 

showing 48 

Say brook, grotmd- water supplies in 134 

population and industries of 133 

public water supply in 134 

records of wells and springs ki 134-135 

topography of 133 

water-bearing formations in 133-134 

Say brook area , map of In pocket. 

towns included in 13 

Scantic River, area drained by 79, 83 

School wells, water of, tests of 58, 63, 72, 110 

Shetucket River, area drained by 126, 130 

Shooting wells, advisability of 40 

Silver Lane, post office at 68 

Solution channels in limestone, plate sho\ving 21 
Sound Beach, post office and railroad station 

at 105 

Sound View, railroad station at 142 



Page. 
South Pond, location of 113 

South "Windsor, ground- water supplies in 80 

population and industries of 78 

records of wells and springs in 81-82 

topography of 78-79 

water-bearing formations in 79-80 

Springdale, post office and railroad station at . 95 

Springs, quality of water from 37 

records of. See undernames of towns. 

sanitary equipment for 37 

use of, for municipal water supplies 28-29 

Stamford, ground- water supplies in 98-99 

ground- water supplies in, quality of 105 

population and industries of 95-96 

public water supplies in 99 

records of wells and springs in 99-104 

svirface- water supplies in 97-98 

topography of 96 

water-bearing formations in 96-97 

Stamford area, map of In pocket. 

towns included in 13 

Streams, use of, for municipal water supplies . 28 

Suckiage, the Indian name o f Hartford 46 

Susquetonscut Brook, area drained by 130 

T. 

Talcott Moxmtains, elevation of 90 

Talmadge Hill, railroad station at 95 

Till, section of, at Windham, plate showing. . . 16 

Titus Moxmtain, elevation of 123 

Trap rock, contact of, with imderlying sand- 
stone, plate showing 48 

water in 20-22 

Tribus, L. L., on the municipal pumping 

plant at Plainfield, N.J 34-36 

Trinity Lake reser vo ir , capacity of 99 

Turneaure, F. E., and Russell, H. L., on a 
municipal pumping plant at 

Brooklyn, N.Y 34 

Twin Lakes, location of 113 

V. 

Virginia Health Bulletin, essentials of a good 

well from 43-44 

W. 

Wapping, post office at 78 

Warehouse Point, post office at 83 

Water supply, problem of 9-10 

Water table, position of 17-18 

Waterworks at Plainfield, N. J., plan of 34 

Wells, consumption of water from 37 

drilled, abrasion method of drilling 38-39 

cost of 39 

equipment of 39-40 

percussion method of drilling 38-39 

quality of water from 39 

driven, closed-end, construction of 40-41 

municipal supplies from 30, 31-36, 41-42 

open-end, construction of 40-41 

sanitary care of 42 

dug, construction of 43-46 

delivery of by gravity from 46 

failure of, causes for 44-46 

quality of water from 37, 38 

sanitary care of 37,38 



150 



INDEX. 



rage. 

Westbrook, ground-water supplies in 140 

ground- water supplies in, quality of 142 

population and industries of 139 

records of wells in 140-142 

topography of 139 

water-bearing formations in 139-140 

West Hartford, developments of water in, 

suggestions for 56-57 

ground- water supplies in 54-56 

quality of 58-59 

population and industries of 52 

record of wells and springs in 57-58 

springs in 56 

surface-water supplies in 54 

topography of 53 

water-bearing formations in 53 

Wethersfield, grovmd- water supplies in 65-66 

ground- water supplies in, quality of 67-68 

population and industries of 64 

public water supply of 66 

records of wells and springs in 66-67 

topography of 64-65 

water-bearing formations in 65 

^^^litulg River, area drained by 119 



Page. 
"Willimantic, post office and railroad station at 125 

Willimanl ic area, map of In pocket. 

towns included in 13 

Wilson, post office at 87 

Windham, ground- water supplies in 127-128 

groimd- water supplies in, quality of 129 

population and industries of 125-126 

public water supply of 128 

records of wells and springs in 128-129 

topography of 126 

water-bearing formations in 126-127 

Windsor, ground- water supplies in 88-89 

ground- water supplies in, quality of 90 

population and industries of 87 

records of wells and springs in 89-90 

topography of 87-88 

water-bearing formations in 88 

Windsorville, post office at 83 

Wononpakook Lake, location of 113 

Wononskopomuc Lake, location of 113 

Y. 

Yantic, post office and railroad station at 129 



O 



^^, 



'a. 






WATER SUPPLY PAPER 374 PLATE I'X 




MAP OF HARTFORD AEEA, OONNBOTICUT 

Showing rock outcrops, wooded areas, and ground-water conditions 



CaJ5 /0^>S 



I 



G-3/ o^^ 



35' 



U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
GEORGE OTIS SMITH, DIRECTOR 



WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 374 PLATE X 




LEGEND 

FORMATIONS 



latifled drift 



^Os 



Observed rock outciops 

(SOif^t giieuises, granilM, and cri/s- 

lalli t eUone of early Paleosoie 

anl ] c Paleozoic age. Areas tiol 

'tip dlyr] k outcrops or siratijied 



VEGETATION 



Woods 

} ot icooded are chiefly 



GROUND WATER 



Depth to water tiible more 
thAn 10 feet, generally less 

than 20 feet 
{ In the ) ei an ing areas depth is tcs.s 
than 10 feet JFater level undei-goes 
beasoial fliottations. Map ^ows 
appjonmate a eruge conditions) 





.. 




s 


01 driven well 




.., 




Drilled well 




"V 




m 


■^pvmg 

Qers correspond to 
ers used in tables 



MAP OF STAMFORD AREA, CONNECTICUT 

Showing rock outcrops, wooded areas, and ground-water conditions 



Contour interval 20 feet 

Datum U mean tea level 

1916 




LEGEND 

FORMATIONS 



-KStratilied drift 

m 

n 






h 



|rved rock outcrops 
■■a) Crystalline rocks 
b) Limestones 

ot occupied by rock outcrops 
tratified drift are covered 
icilh till) 

VEGETATION 



U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
GEORGE OTIS SMITH, DIRECTOR 



WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 374 PLATE XI 






Ji_J_r I I 



1 I V ] 



^ 1 fTMFTnK^ V-.CT^r 



rjIKj 










M' Prospe 



I/, 



H ir ,i \ 



if) 

"IS * f 

M I ill 






*- \ BaT-rack M* 



, // 



'\.' -.A, )]' ^ i> >..^. 




LEGEND 

FORMATIONS 

□ 

Stlatlrleil drift 



(Ihsevved rook outcrops 

(«) rrysti.lliner.K-k3 



Woods 

(Area-t tint iraoilcd art! rhieJUj 

ijrass lands hut iu part 

cultvatcd Jields) 

GROUND WATER 



Depth to water table more 
than 10 feet, generally less 

than 20 feet 
(/;i remaining areas depth is ijowratly 
less than 10 feet, ifatm- level midw- 
goen sefisonal Jluotuatiom, Map 
shows approiciviate arerago conditiotm) 



Dug or driven well 



— — ^ ~~ r^ — 1^ - v^ _^_ 



MAP OF SALISBURY AREA, CONNECTICUT 

Showing rock outcrops, wooded areas, and ground-water conditions 

Scale esrsSD 



Contour Interval 20 feet 



U. S^ GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
GEORGE OTIS SMITH, DIRECTOR 




LEGEND 
FORMATIONS 



Stratiflefl drift 



\\\ 



Observed roclt outcrops 

(Areas not occupied by rock ovlcrnps 
or stratijied drifl are covered loith till) 



Woods 

GROUND WATER 



Depth to water table more 
than 10 feet, generally less 

than 20 feet 
(/7i remaimny areas depth to watei- 
iv gmerally less than 10 feet. Water 
level undergoes seasonal Jtvctuations. 
Map sliom approximate average con- 
d%tions) 



•Z;.7.,r.\,,..L.' MAP OF WILLIMANTIC AREA, CONNECTICUT l'S„r3',:r 

Showing rock outcrops, wooded areas, and ground-water conditions ■'"""dar.es by a.j.eiiis 



Dug or cU'iven well 



Drilled well 



'\ 



Contour interval 20 feet 
1B16 




^d rock outcrops 



U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
GEORGE OTIS SMITH, DIRECTOR 



WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 374 PLATE XIII 



-^f=Tn:;;7T 



M'ArcHeH 


'4 


1 \- 


o H II 


J 


\ 




^ 


^ 


1 


\\ 




\. 




r 





LEGEND 

FORMATIONS 



Stratified drift 



Observed rook outcrops 

{Areas not occupied by rock outorops 
or stratified driJX arc covered with tOl) 

VEGETATION 



Woods 

GROUND WATER 



Depth to water table more 
than 10 feet, generally less 

tlian 20 feet 
( In remaining areas depth is less than 
lUfeeU Water level undergoes season- 
al HHCiiialif)}is. Map shorn ai>prox- 

■age cowMtions) 




MAP OF SAYBROOK AREA, CONNECTICUT 

Showing rock outcrops, wooded areas, and ground-water conditions 



Contour interval 20 feet 



» 275 



83 m 







o V 



* o 







\ V "-C^ • ■ « ^^ <p. *■»,■«• aV ^ o 


















•••» *<!>. 




:^Hc. 






%.^" : 










'^r- ^<^'= 

vP V 











•^ ^ 
^^^ 




<»• V'- 













^^ AUG 83 



w^u=jxo N. MANCHESTER, 
^^=^ INDIANA 46962 






'^♦: 










LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 
III II nil III I IIIIH 



019 953 661 8 



